漫谈海洋污染的民事责任和刑事责任

简单介绍国际社会关于油轮溢油、燃油溢油及运输有毒有害物质致海洋污染损害的民事责任与赔偿方面的立法努力以及区域性组织等加强船源污染刑事责任方面的立法,认为对海洋污染实行更苛刻的民事责任制度,设立更高的赔偿责任限额或者干脆取消限额,进行更多的刑事立法等是不可取的,指出规制海洋污染必须体现国际性,并最大限度地避免区域性立法。     

我国船源污染海洋防治法律存在的问题及其完善

船源污染作为海洋主要污染源严重威胁我国海洋环境的保护。当前,由于我国相关防治法律还存在诸多缺陷,造成我国船源污染海洋防治形势依然严峻,《中华人民共和国防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例（征求意见稿）》针对我国船源污染防治法律现存的主要问题提出了较为综合全面的完善措施。结合对《征求意见稿》相关完善措施的解读,可以对我国船源污染防治法律的未来发展动向有所把握。     

论环境污染强制责任保险

环境污染越来越严重,随之引发的环境损害赔偿事件也越来越多。然而由于机制、制度以及地方保护主义等原因,环境污染强制责任保险在中国却未受欢迎。即便如此,环境污染强制责任保险以任意性责任保险无法比拟的优点,能最大限度地分散企业风险,有利于受害者得到有效的救济和赔偿;有利于构建和谐,稳定社会。环境污染强制保险制度是最有效的保障措施,能使环境污染责任保险的功能最大限度地发挥出来。     

污染转移:法学研究的谱系

污染转移是指一定区域内的人类行为直接或间接地对该区域外的环境造成污染损害,或将自己造成的环境污染的治理责任推给他人,从而使自己不承担或少承担污染损害治理责任的社会行为。国内法学界对污染转移的研究可以概括为四个方面:第一,污染转移概念的界定,包括污染转移的原因和表现的研究;第二,污染转移的民事责任、行政责任、刑事责任及其法律救济;第三,完善污染转移治理的法律建议;第四,其他视角对污染转移的研究。     

重大环境污染事故罪的立法修改问题探讨

重大环境污染事故罪宜修改为污染大气罪、污染内水罪等几个罪名;将重大环境污染事故罪的结果犯修改为危险犯有其更为充分的理由;适应环境污染具有的特殊性,应当在重大环境污染事故罪中引进严格责任;重大环境污染事故罪的法定刑应提高为10年有期徒刑,无限额罚金制应改为限额罚金制,并且还应增设教育性、民事性与行政性等非刑罚措施。     

European air pollution assessments: co-production of science and policy

This paper examines the question whether the scientific knowledge framework produced in the context of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) can keep its credibility, legitimacy and relevance when used in a different policy arena, e.g. the European Commission (EC) of the European Union. The paper combines a conceptual framework for considering effective assessments with the notion of boundary work and co-production of science and policy to examine differences between the roles and division of tasks between scientists and policy makers in the two different policy contexts. The paper concludes that, despite the differences between the two policy settings, user characteristics and the historical context are to a certain extent similar in LRTAP and the EU Clean Air for Europe Programme (CAFE), and that participants in the two processes partially overlap and tackle the same policy problem. The scientific knowledge framework as developed within LRTAP can maintain credibility, legitimacy and relevance when it is used in CAFE if certain conditions are fulfilled. One condition is the effective functioning of LRTAP, because the CAFE assessment process remains also dependent on the LRTAP process. Data collection and mapping efforts in the context of LRTAP form also the basis for the analyses within CAFE. Furthermore, a broadly embedded scientific basis is needed in the countries to enable each country to follow or relate to the analyses commissioned by the EU. The conceptual framework and concept of boundary work used in this paper turned out to be helpful in focusing on the dynamic relationship between science and policy.

论我国刑法第338条的立法缺陷与完善--以犯罪构成要件为视角

作为1997年刑法增设的一个罪名,重大环境污染事故罪有诸多理论与实践问题值得探讨.其主观构成要件、侵犯的客体,等等,多年来学界争议颇多.对上述问题进行深入探讨,有利于正确掌握该罪的犯罪特点,准确适用刑法.刑法第338条规定的重大环境污染事故罪是结果犯,以行为造成法定严重后果为行为构成犯罪之必要条件,不利于打击所有污染环境的犯罪行为.为促进环境的可持续发展,建议对该条予以修改和完善,增加危险犯条款.     

Resource Base of Peasants in the Brazilian Amazon: Planning Solutions for Current Problems of Sustainability

Abstract — This is the second paper of a series following a study carried out in the Brazilian Amazon region of peasant livelihoods, their current character and problems of sustainability. It analyses how different people might be affected by environmental degradation in the region by looking at their social and economic activities, the degree of dependency on wild resources, land ownership and the social relations underpinning the structure of the labour force. The study covers three districts within the ecological system of terra firme. Extractivist activities generate income and contribute considerably to food supplies throughout the year. Access to these resources is not generally tied to ownership. Environmental degradation may reduce the future availability of resources or, alternatively, attack health directly. Peasants exposure to these risks is assessed and the long-term sustainability of their livelihoods examined. Possible planning solutions to problems are presented and the more recent debate on the creation of conservation units (SNUC) in Brazil is discussed.     

试论我国海洋污染刑事立法

海洋污染严重地威胁着人类的生存环境 ,也给 2 1世纪开发与利用海洋蒙上了一层阴影。全球已充分认识到维护海洋、保护海洋的重要性 ,在海洋环境污染防治上实行广泛、有效的国际合作已成为必要。借鉴国外发达国家对海洋污染的刑事规定 ,结合我国的污染现状 ,及早在我国的刑法体系中确立污染海洋罪是非常必要的。     

重大环境污染事故罪防控分析

重大环境污染事故罪具有隐蔽性、复杂性、反复性等特性,结合该罪的构成要件认为,要加强其防控需树立新的刑法价值理念;完善立法;强化司法实践工作能力,做好司法解释工作,加强环保行政执法部门和司法机关协作,在举证责任承担上引入责任倒置或责任转移原则;同时要加大社会综合治理力度,加强环境执法机关的基础工作,发挥非政府组织、新闻媒体的作用,在畅通公众参与举报,揭发环境资源犯罪的渠道等方面作出相应的努力。