Regulatory enforcement and compliance: Examining Danish agro‐environmental policy

This study of municipal enforcement of agro‐environmental regulations in Denmark provides an empirical understanding of how enforcement affects compliance. A key contribution is sorting out the relative influence of inspectors' different styles of enforcement and choices made by enforcement agencies. The latter are shown to be more important in bringing about compliance than are inspectors' enforcement styles. Municipal agencies are shown to increase compliance through the use of third parties, more frequent inspection, and setting priorities for inspection of major items. The findings about enforcement styles of inspectors suggest it is necessary to get tough up to a point, but beyond that the threat of coercion can be counterproductive. These findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of overly legalistic enforcement styles, particularly for the Danish culture with its strong emphasis on cooperation and consultation in regulation. But the findings also advise us to be cautious about the use of cooperative styles of enforcement in that we find evidence for capture of the enforcement process by agricultural organizations. This leads to a more nuanced view of enforcement rather than the broad generalizations found in the literature concerning legalism and cooperation. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. <@:>     

Environmental Federalism Revisited: Second‐Order Devolution in Air Quality Regulation

In this paper we examine states' use of local clean air agencies and provide a preliminary assessment of what causes states to devolve air quality policy authority to the local level. Data from a unique comparative state survey shows that states vary widely in the number of local clean air agencies they employ and the amount of authority these agencies have to set standards, monitor air quality, and enforce regulations. Multivariate analyses suggest that second‐order devolution is partly driven by a general propensity to decentralize policy authority, but that policy‐specific factors relating to the problem and interest group environment affect devolution as well. These findings indicate that local agencies play an important role in U.S. air quality regulation, and that the dynamics of state devolution to local agencies deserve further study.     

从松花江跨境污染事件透视企业环境责任的重要性

1972年《斯德哥尔摩宣言》的签署标志着由联合国主导的世界性环境保护运动的开始。21世纪,人们对企业的社会责任越来越重视,企业社会责任的内涵也从企业对员工的责任延伸到企业对环境、社区以及客户的责任。松花江跨境污染事件提示我们应结合国际环境保护运动的背景,从道义、国内程序法和国际法三个不同角度正确认识企业环境责任的严格性和特殊性,引导企业树立科学的发展观,积极履行环境保护的法律义务和社会责任。     

船舶互有过失碰撞所致油污损害的责任主体

本文通过对一具体油轮碰撞案例分析 ,对造成海域污染是否应由碰撞两船的所有人对油污损害直接承担连带责任 ;以及污染环境侵权行为适用无过错责任原则是否应排斥过错责任则适用及对于无过错责任原则在我国侵权行为责任体系中的地位进行了讨论。     

污染环境罪的未遂

污染环境罪的未遂包括作为结果犯的未遂和作为结果加重犯的未遂。作为结果加重犯的未遂,是指对环境污染本身持故意,对于人身伤亡财产损失的加重结果持过失的污染环境罪未遂。司法实践中存在直接判决污染环境罪未遂的判例,也存在提及是否可以成立污染环境罪未遂的判例,但更多的是对成立污染环境罪未遂未予提及的判例。在刑事立法未及增设污染环境罪具体危险犯的情况下,对污染环境罪未遂的肯定无疑对于司法实践起到了指引作用。但污染环境罪抽象危险犯的功能是污染环境罪未遂所无法替代的。     

Structure and Process: Examining the Interaction between Bureaucratic Organization and Analytical Requirements

Attempts by politicians to control bureaucratic decisions include both structural (how is the agency making the decision organized?) and procedural (what rules must they follow when making the decision?). But how do these two modes of influence interact? This article examines the interaction between bureaucratic structure and one procedural control, the requirement that agencies conduct an analysis of their decisions prior to their issuance. I look at this interaction in the context of two types of analysis, cost‐benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment. I interview 16 individuals in each field and draw from their experiences of conducting and reviewing more than a thousand analyses. The conduct of analysis is affected by where analysts are placed in agencies. In particular, independence of analysts has a trade‐off. The more independent analysts are, the more likely they can challenge preferred decisions in their agency. But independent analysts are brought into decisions later and their independence may limit their long‐term impacts on agency culture. Despite this trade‐off, analysts expressed a clear preference for independence. The interaction between different controls of bureaucratic behavior is a potentially fruitful line for further research.     

污水处理系统在城市可持续发展中的作用

该文通过对城市自然属性和社会属性的探讨，分析了城市不可持续发展问题的产生原因，剖析了当前中国城市社会发展的阶段性特征，分析总结了中国水污染控制技术与城市污水处理系统的发展方向。     

环境污染诱致型群体性事件的过程——变量分析

农村环境污染诱致型群体性事件的变量包括怨恨变量、精英分子及其组织能力、理性计算三个方面。当前我国在现代化建设过程中存在着自然生态环境恶化、居民生活环境污染等问题，政府应该以科学发展观为指导，加强对农村的环境污染治理，真正构建环境良好的和谐社会。     

重大环境污染事故罪相关问题探析——兼论不处理垃圾罪的增设

重大环境污染事故罪之危害行为既可以是作为形式又可以是不作为形式,当排污主体不具有排污权或虽具有排污权但没有能力处理废物达到排污标准的情形时,排污这种危害行为是作为的形式,当具有排污权并有能力处理废物达到标准而超标排污时,则危害行为表现为不作为的形式。建议对《刑法》第338条进行增设危险犯、条文表述以及刑罚设置等进行修改,增设第2款,对有放射性废物、含传染病病原体的废物、有毒物质或者其他危险废物之外的废物所造成重大环境污染事故,或者致使公私财产遭受重大损失、人身伤亡的严重后果的行为进行规制,并增设不处理垃圾罪,以加强相关机构和人员的环保责任。     

农村聚居点环境污染特征及其成因分析——基于中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

通过中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查,可以发现中国农村聚居点除环境污染较严重外,污染状况还呈现以下三方面特征:农村水、渣产生量与经济发展水平正相关,但造成污染的情况却不一定;农村环境管理状况与经济发展水平正相关;相关基础设施建设与经济发展水平正相关.、从这些特征出发分析,农村聚居点环境污染的制度成因既存于城乡二元制,也在于这类污染在防治上表现出的特殊性。为此,应明确县乡政府和村集体的事权,落实有关财权;按生产、生活、生态统筹的原则抓好规划;建立相关财政资金使用"自下而上"的决策机制和多元化的农村环境公共服务供给机制。