乡土意识与现代民族精神书写———论哈姆林.加兰小说的特点与价值

美国乡土小说家哈姆林·加兰的创作对中国当下的城乡现代化进程具有特殊的参照价值.作为一位在创作内容和手法上都努力自主和自觉的小说家,加兰不仅深情记录了父母一代在前现代农业劳作中的艰辛和梦碎,更描述了新一代追梦青年在城乡间的奔波、困惑和思考.在急剧变革的时代,他的小说借助民众心理成长和国家发展的共进历程,着力铸造勇敢健全的现代民族精神,并通过真诚叙说现代化无法逆转进程中的普遍“乡愁”,关注普通读者大众的伦理选择和理性成熟,从而助推社会公平与公正意识的培育与建设.     

The effects of four different solvent vapours on the restoration of obliterated stamp markings from five different wooden surfaces

The stamp markings on wooden surfaces, which are placed on trees and products including antiques, indicate the status of trees and involve identifying data regarding the products. Such markings are obliterated either to facilitate illegal logging or to conceal product information. Despite the wide literature on the restoration of obliterated characters on metal and polymer surfaces, the recovery of defaced characters on wooden surfaces appears to be understudied. Several reference texts in the forensic marks’ examination literature suggest that water, water vapor, and alkaline solutions are useful in restoring the abraded markings on the wood. Since there does not seem to be any experimental study proving such success, this study aimed to fill this gap. This study conducted experimental research by using water, ethanol, ammonia, and chloroform to recover the scraped characters on samples obtained from walnut, beech, spruce, oak, and cedar trees. The cold-stamped characters, which were defaced at varying depths, were restored using vapor and liquid phases of four solvents. While the vapor phases of water, ethanol, and ammonia yielded good outcomes on all types of wooden surfaces, the liquid phases did not seem to be useful in the revisualization process. The response of the vapors, which varied between 62 and 220 s, depended on the type of wood. The restoration technique developed in this research offers the possibility of on-site usage, easy application, utilization of low-cost solvents, rapid recovery, and effectiveness on various wooden surfaces. Overall, the restoration methodology used in this research appears to be fruitful in retrieving identifying information on wooden samples.