Patterns of Middle School Adjustment and Ninth Grade Adaptation of Rural African American Youth: Grades and Substance Use

The transition to high school has been identified as a potentially difficult time in adolescents’ lives. Reductions in both academic and social functioning often accompany this transition. While these effects have been documented in urban youth, the move to high school has not been extensively studied in rural minority youth. Toward that end, the academic grades and substance use in ninth grade of 447 (184 male and 263 female) African-American adolescents from two rural counties in a state in the deep South were examined in relation to configurations of adaptation from sixth through eighth grade. Results indicate that individual with consistently positive patterns across middle school had higher grades and lower rates of substance use compared to individuals with persistent difficulties or those that transitioned to problem behavior. Many individuals who improved in their patterns of adaptation had relatively high grades, but also rather high rates of substance use in the ninth grade. David B. Estell is an assistant professor of educational psychology at Indiana University Bloomington. He received his PhD in Developmental Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include peer relations and the development of aggression. Thomas W. Farmer is an associate professor of education at Pennsylvania State University and director of the National Research Center on Rural Education Support. He received his PhD in Special Education from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include peer relations and the development of aggression in students with and without special needs. Matthew J. Irvin is a research scientist at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his PhD in Educational Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include resilience and student engagement. Jana H. Thompson is a research associate at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research interests include peer social relations and developmental transitions into early adolescence. Bryan C. Hutchins is a research assistant at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is also a graduate student in the Educational Psychology, Measurement, and Evaluation Program at UNC. His research interests include child and adolescent social development and school based emotional and behavioral interventions and prevention programs. Erin M. McDonough is currently a doctoral candidate in School Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Emory University. As a research assistant at the Center for Developmental Science, she has been able to explore her interests in student achievement as well as rural education. Another major research interest of hers is school-based mental health.     

当代美国大学生领导力教育成功经验分析

20世纪八九十年代以来,以面向未来领导人教育为主旨的大学生领导力教育在美国高校悄然兴起并日趋活跃,学校采取灵活科学的教学组织形式、招生制度和课程设置,取得了不可忽视的教学成效。学生对自身能力的信心、领导技能、以领导身份服务社区的愿望等方面有了很大提高,他们改变了对领导力的看法,从而也改善了校园文化。     

The Influence of Future Certainty and Contextual Factors on Delinquent Behavior and School Adjustment Among African American Adolescents

This study examined the ability of future certainty—an individual's perception of future stability, operationalized as the likelihood of certain life outcomes–to explain variance in delinquency and school adjustment, while controlling for economic, neighborhood, and family factors, among a cross-sectional sample of 1422 male and 1562 female African American adolescents drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Three kinds of future certainty were examined: future life certainty (e.g., life expectancy), marriage certainty, and college certainty. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, future certainty and family functioning were stronger predictors than economic and neighborhood variables: neighborhood disorganization and family socioeconomic status. Future life certainty and expectations of attending college were stronger predictors of delinquency among males than females. Marriage certainty was the weakest predictor of the three certainty variables.     

论美国波裔族群的形成及其历史作用

由于宗教、亡国、经济、战争等原因使波兰历史上出现过四次向国外的移民潮 ,美国是这些移民的主要聚居国。这些移民在美国逐渐形成了特殊的群体 ,人们称之为“美国波裔人”(AmericanPolonia)。他们以自己特殊的身份和角色在美国历史上、波兰历史上和美波关系史上发挥过、而且将继续发挥重要影响和作用。本文从历史的长时段出发 ,从总体上探讨其历史影响和作用     

The negligence of prison authorities and the protection of prisoner’s rights

This article looks at the potential for legal action brought by prisoners (and their dependants) who have suffered from the alleged neglect of the prison authorities. The article will examine the case law in this area to assess the success of prisoners’ negligence claims and whether such claims are unduly fettered by judicial attitudes and other more practical issues such as the difficulty in establishing a breach of duty. In particular the article will consider whether the law and its application has been, or should be, modified in the light of new obligations imposed on public authorities, including the courts, by the Human Rights Act 1998 and by the developing case law of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Convention rights such as the right to life and freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment.     

美国“201条款”与新贸易保护主义政策分析

美国以国内贸易法“2 0 1条款”为依据 ,掀起了新一轮贸易保护主义浪潮。美国的“2 0 1条款”与WTO的“保障措施协定”存在抵触。钢铁贸易保护是一种单边主义行为 ,将对世界贸易组织的稳定带来巨大的冲击。中国必须作出应对的战略选择 ,维护国家经济主权     

试析当前美国经济走势

美国经济形势自去年第4季度开始趋于严峻,经济增速大幅下降,股市大跌,消费者信心受重挫;制造业濒临衰退,高新技术产业持续不振;失业率、通胀率有所上升等.但由于美经济实力雄厚,基础条件较好,市场对外资吸引力不减;新经济仍有生命力;美在经济全球化中处于有利地位;世界石油价格回落;美联储的调控渐起作用;布什政府出台一系列有利于经济恢复和发展的政策等,美国经济出现衰退的可能性不大.     

U.S. CLS

This essay offers a brief account of the rise of cls thought in the United States and of its development within a largely hostile legal academy. As the essay suggests, cls thought has been variously deformed, arrested, normalized, and diffused – leaving the contemporary American legal academy in a state of suspended animation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

行刑体制改革初探

现行行刑体制存在立法滞后、权力分散、领导体制僵化等诸多弊端,已在一定程度上阻碍了我国行刑工作的现代化进程.必须对传统的片面、孤立、封闭的行刑观念进行反思和检讨,在此基础上,建构一个法治、人道、公正和高效的现代化行刑体制.制订统一行刑法典,彻底实现监企分离,合理调整监狱布局,推进开放式处遇,应是我国行刑体制改革的主要方向.     

去偏求和:透视美国媒体近年来对华报道的定势因素

受多种原因的影响,美国的媒体报道尤其是针对中国的报道往往有失偏颇,甚至可以说是荒谬的偏见。本文通过分析美国媒体的荒谬报道及其背后的文化定势机制,提示美国媒体必须抛弃偏见,彻底摒弃几百年来的文化定势,在理解和和谐中谋求世界各国的共同发展。