Children's truthful and deceptive testimonies: How camera perspective affects adult observers’ perception and assessment

Abstract

This experimental study investigates adults’ perception and assessments of children's testimonies as a function of camera shot (close-up shot vs medium shot vs long shot) and camera focus (child only vs child and interviewer). Truth-telling and lying children were interviewed and videotaped simultaneously by four cameras, each taking a different visual perspective (‘close-up shot/child only’, ‘medium shot/child only’, ‘medium shot/child and interviewer’, ‘long shot/child and interviewer’). Mock jurors (N=256) watched the videotaped testimonies and rated their perception of the children's statement and appearance, and assessed the children's veracity. Children seen in long shot were perceived as more neutral and relaxed, and children seen in close-up were perceived as having to think harder. The adult's deception detection accuracy was at chance level. The results suggest that legal policy-makers should consider the outcome of psycho-legal research on camera perspective when establishing and/or reforming standards for police interviews and courtroom procedures.     

DART-TOFMS法检测发射药中的硝化甘油和Ⅱ号中定剂

目的建立一种快速检测发射药中主要成分硝化甘油（NG）、Ⅱ号中定剂（C2）的方法。方法采用实时直接分析飞行时间质谱技术（DART-TOFMS）,在正负离子模式下,通过特征分子离子精确质量数进行检材中NG和C2的定性分析。结果 NG的检测限为0.044mg/L,C2的检测限为0.0032 mg/L,检测时间仅在1min以内。结论该方法无需样品前处理和预分离,且具有快速、不受样品存在形态限制等优点,已用于案件检验,为案件的快速侦破发挥了重要的作用。     

Quantified Explosives Transfer on Surfaces for the Evaluation of Trace Detection Equipment

Trace explosive test surfaces are often required for the evaluation of trace detection equipment to determine the equipment performance. Test surfaces of C‐4, Detasheet, Semtex‐H, TNT, and HMTD were prepared by transferring trace amount of explosive deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) transfer strips onto different surfaces (Kraft paper, hard plastic, woven fabric, and soft vinyl). The amount of explosive transferred was deduced from the amount of explosive remaining on the PTFE strips after transfer, as quantified by direct analysis using tandem mass spectrometry with thermal desorption. From the data set of over 2000 transfers, we experienced lower transfer efficiency for Semtex‐H and Detasheet, and for soft vinyl and hard plastic. However, the rapid quantification mass spectrometric method allowed the transfer efficiency to be determined for all test surfaces used in an evaluation of trace explosive detectors, thereby permitting only the test surfaces with desired transfer to be accepted for the assessment.     

猪札幌病毒VP1基因的表达及ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

为了在大肠杆菌中表达猪札幌病毒VP1基因,并以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原建立猪札幌病毒血清抗体ELISA检测方法。采用RT-PCR技术扩增VP1基因,并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中,再将所克隆的衣壳蛋白的编码序列亚克隆到表达载体pET-28a(+)中,将成功构建的原核表达质粒pETSAVCAP转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)进行诱导表达。用纯化的VP1蛋白作为抗原建立了猪札幌病毒血清抗体间接ELISA检测方法并初步用于临床样品的检测。结果显示,猪札幌病毒VP1基因可在大肠杆菌中稳定、高效地表达,Western-blot分析表明该重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性。经对反应条件进行优化,确定间接ELISA的抗原最佳包被浓度为0.5μg/mL,且不与其他常见猪病的阳性血清发生交叉反应,建立的ELISA方法具有较好的敏感性、特异性和重复性。通过对从多个省份收集的490份猪血清样品进行检测,阳性率为65.31%。表明,以大肠杆菌表达的猪札幌病毒VP1重组蛋白为抗原建立的间接ELISA方法可以用于猪札幌病毒抗体的检测。     

猪链球菌血清2型环介导等温扩增快速检测方法的建立

为了建立快速、灵敏的猪链球菌血清2型(SS2)LAMP检测方法,根据GenBank登录的SS2特异的荚膜多糖(cps2 H)基因序列作为检测靶标,在其序列的保守区域设计LAMP引物,利用参考菌株S735基因组DNA为模板进行扩增,优化了LAMP的反应条件和反应体系,并进行了敏感性、特异性和重复性试验。结果,利用建立的LAMP方法对SS2进行扩增,扩增产物显色呈现阳性反应,电泳出现阶梯状条带,最低检测量为0.186fg/μL模板DNA,比常规PCR高1 000倍;且与其他常见的细菌无交叉反应。结果表明,建立的LAMP方法具有灵敏、特异、快速和重复性强等优点,适用于猪链球菌病的实验室快速检测。     

野生动物棘球绦虫感染检测方法的研究进展

论述了棘球绦虫野生动物宿主的种类、分布与感染情况,介绍了剖检法、粪抗原-ELISA检测方法、分子生物学检测方法等棘球绦虫感染检测方法的研究进展,并提出了存在的问题及解决途径,为野生动物棘球绦虫(蚴)病的控制与诊断提供指导。     

氯氮平及其代谢物在人血液中的药代动力学研究

目的研究氯氮平及其代谢物在人血液中的药代动力学和检出时限,为氯氮平中毒的法医学鉴定提供实验依据。方法 29名太原汉族人口服12.5mg氯氮平后不同时间采集肘静脉血,固相萃取法提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析,MRM(多反应离子检测)记录方式,保留时间和定性离子对定性,内标法和标准曲线法定量检测其中氯氮平、去甲氯氮平、氮氧氯氮平含量,3p97药代动力学软件拟合C-T数据,计算药代动力学参数。结果口服12.5mg氯氮平后,氯氮平、去甲氯氮平、氮氧氯氮平在血中动力学过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,达峰时间分别为2.96±1.32h、8.65±3.00h、9.31±26.38h,达峰浓度分别为34.68±9.32ng/mL、11.16±4.15ng/mL、9.62±13.88ng/mL,半衰期分别为17.02±23.63h、27.06±12.58h、41.27±29.75h,血中检出时限分别为81.72±26.19h、93.21±29.40、19.93±14.62h。结论口服氯氮平后氯氮平及其代谢物去甲氯氮平、氮氧氯氮平的药物动力学符合一级吸收二室开放模型,模型和参数可以为氯氮平的法医学鉴定提供实验依据。     

Applying the Verifiability Approach in an international airport setting

In the current study, we tested the utility of applying the Verifiability Approach (VA) within an international airport setting. The VA works on the notion that truth tellers provide more verifiable details than liars and has shown to be successful within other empirical deception detection scenarios. Three hundred and ninety-nine airside participants (those originating from Europe, Asia and African) were asked questions regarding their travel plans. We asked participants to either lie (n?=?195) or tell the truth (n?=?204) about their planned activities. The critical question required participants to provide information that would convince the investigator that they were telling the truth. We then transcribed and coded their responses for verifiable details; that is, details that could potentially be checked by an investigator. Overall, truth tellers provided significantly more verifiable details than liars. Furthermore, when taking their geographical origin into account, there was no interaction effect between veracity and region. Additionally, truth tellers provided a higher verifiable/total detail ratio than liars, which again showed no interaction effect between veracity and region. These findings support the suitability of the VA as a cross-cultural veracity tool and implications for its use as an additional security aid are discussed.     

Selective detection of trace nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosive residues using a three-step fluorimetric sensing process: a tandem turn-off, turn-on sensor

Detection of trace quantities of explosive residues plays a key role in military, civilian, and counter-terrorism applications. To advance explosives sensor technology, current methods will need to become cheaper and portable while maintaining sensitivity and selectivity. The detection of common explosives including trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, and trinitroglycerin may be carried out using a three-step process combining "turn-off" and "turn-on" fluorimetric sensing. This process first detects nitroaromatic explosives by their quenching of green luminescence of polymetalloles (lambda em approximately 400-510 nm). The second step places down a thin film of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) while "erasing" the polymetallole luminescence. The final step completes the reaction of the nitramines and/or nitrate esters with DAN resulting in the formation of a blue luminescent traizole complex (lambda(em) = 450 nm) providing a "turn-on" response for nitramine and nitrate ester-based explosives. Detection limits as low as 2 ng are observed. Solid-state detection of production line explosives demonstrates the applicability of this method to real world situations. This method offers a sensitive and selective detection process for a diverse group of the most common high explosives used in military and terrorist applications today.