视频侦查规范化研究

视频侦查是指侦查机关根据案件的需要,通过视频监控资料的调取、观看、分析和应用四个环节,实现对犯罪的动态分析和综合判断,以发现和确定犯罪嫌疑人、寻找破案线索,为案件侦查提供方向的一种侦查措施。视频侦查已成为继刑事技术、行动技术、网侦技术之后侦查破案的技术支撑和新的破案增长点,成为强化社会治安控制的有效手段,对提高侦查机关打击犯罪的效能具有重大意义。     

Unicorns or Tiger Woods: Are Lie Detection Experts Myths or Rarities? A Response to On Lie Detection “Wizards” by Bond and Uysal

Bond and Uysal (this issue) complain that expert lie detectors identified by O'Sullivan and Ekman (2004) are statistical flukes. They ignore one class of experts we have identified and misrepresent the procedures we use to identify the others. They also question the psychometric validity of the measures and protocol used. Many of their points are addressed in the chapter they criticize. The fruitfulness of the O'Sullivan-Ekman protocol is illustrated with respect to improved identification of expert lie detectors, as well as a replicated pattern of errors made by experts from different professional groups. The statistical arguments offered confuse the theoretical use of the binomial with the empirical use of the normal distribution. Data are provided that may clarify this distinction.     

Psychopathy and Nonverbal Indicators of Deception in Offenders

The current study examined psychopathy and nonverbal indicators of deception in an incarcerated sample. Nonverbal behaviors were coded from videotapes of 45 male offenders telling true and fabricated stories about crimes. Interpersonal features of psychopathy were associated with inflated views of lying ability, verbosity, and increases in blinking, illustrator use, and speech hesitations. While lying, the more psychopathic offenders spoke faster and demonstrated increases in blinking and head movements. Indicators of deception in offenders were somewhat different from those typically observed in non-offender populations. These findings indicate that personality factors may have an impact on nonverbal indicators of deception in criminal justice settings where the detection of deception is of utmost concern.     

Visual detection of trace nitroaromatic explosive residue using photoluminescent metallole-containing polymers

The detection of trace explosives is important for forensic, military, and homeland security applications. Detection of widely used nitroaromatic explosives (trinitrotoluene [TNT], 2,4-dinitrotoluene [DNT], picric acid [PA]) was carried out using photoluminescent metallole-containing polymers. The method of detection is through the quenching of fluorescence of thin films of the polymer, prepared by spray coating organic solutions of the polymer, by the explosive analyte. Visual quenching of luminescence (lambda(em) approximately 400-510 nm) in the presence of the explosive is seen immediately upon illumination with near-UV light (lambda(ex)=360 nm). Detection limits were observed to be as low as 5 ng for TNT, 20 ng for DNT, and 5 ng for PA. In addition, experiments with normal production line explosives and their components show that this technology is also able to detect composition B, Pyrodex, and nitromethane. This method offers a convenient and sensitive method of detection of trace nitroaromatic explosive residue.     

1,2,4‐Triazine‐Based Chromogenic Reagents for the Detection of Microtraces of Various Metals Left on Human Skin*

Abstract: This article extends the application of 1,2,4‐triazine‐based chromogenic reagents to the detection of nonferrous metal traces left on contact with canvas and human skin. The possibility of detection of iron traces resulting from contact with objects made of stainless steel was investigated as well. Additionally, the ability of triazines to form chromatic complexes with Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Al³⁺ ions was studied spectrophotometrically. Molar absorption coefficients, ranging from 8.8 to 29.9 × 10³/M/cm, provide high sensitivity of 1,2,4‐triazines toward nonferrous ions, thus, enabling the detection at concentrations as low as a few μM. The method was sensitive enough to detect traces resulting from a 1‐min contact with a stainless steel made object, which is commonly considered as a corrosion‐resistant material. The amounts of metal ions transferred to the skin after a 2‐min contact with objects made of brass, zinc, and copper were sufficient to develop chromatic imprints.     

Transfer of Triazine‐iron(II) Chromic Complexes Left by Iron Items on Textile Background and Human Skin

Abstract: The research is focused on the detection and transfer of iron traces left by iron items on clothing and human skin. The method is based on the formation of colored complexes between ferrous ions and five synthesized, mostly new triazines. Iron traces originally were left by iron rings on slightly wetted (artificial sweat) cotton fabrics and subsequently transferred to a separate textile substrate. Prior to the use of trazines the contact spots were treated with a new inorganic reducing agent (Sn²⁺) to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. The method is sensitive to detect iron traces on wetted canvas after 10 min contact with iron items. More spectacular results were obtained for traces left on human palm even after very short contact (10 sec). The new iron‐trace‐transfer method eliminated the contact of triazines solutions with human skin. Transmission visible spectra of Fe(II)–triazine complexes were determined.     

Potency Trends of Δ9‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*

Abstract: The University of Mississippi has a contract with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to carry out a variety of research activities dealing with cannabis, including the Potency Monitoring (PM) program, which provides analytical potency data on cannabis preparations confiscated in the United States. This report provides data on 46,211 samples seized and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) during 1993–2008. The data showed an upward trend in the mean Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹‐THC) content of all confiscated cannabis preparations, which increased from 3.4% in 1993 to 8.8% in 2008. Hashish potencies did not increase consistently during this period; however, the mean yearly potency varied from 2.5–9.2% (1993–2003) to 12.0–29.3% (2004–2008). Hash oil potencies also varied considerably during this period (16.8 ± 16.3%). The increase in cannabis preparation potency is mainly due to the increase in the potency of nondomestic versus domestic samples.     

侦查僵局的成因分析及突破对策

在犯罪侦查实践中,由于侦查主体的自身思维定势或自身素质、侦查客体施加的干扰及侦查环境等方面的影响,使得相当一部分犯罪案件久侦难破,形成疑难案件,陷入侦查僵局。在这种状况下,对侦查僵局的成因进行研究,寻找侦破疑难案件的相应对策,突破僵局、化解疑难,具有重要的现实意义。     

宁波甬江水域夏冬季节溺死兔内脏硅藻16SrDNA的鉴定

目的采用PCR法检测夏季7月和冬季12月宁波甬江水域溺死家兔内脏组织中硅藻16SrDNA,评估其在夏季7月和冬季12月溺死鉴定中的应用价值。方法于夏季7月和冬季12月分别选取30只大白兔,总计60只大白兔,随机分为溺死组(n=10)、死后入水组(n=10)、空气栓塞组(n=10)。各组分别提取心、肝、肺、肾组织,应用PCR技术检测上述兔内脏硅藻16SrDNA。结果与死后入水组比较,夏季7月兔溺死组心、肝、肺、肾组织中硅藻16SrDNA检出率明显增高(P<0.05);而冬季12月溺死组仅心、肺组织中检见硅藻16SrDNA,与死后入水组比较无明显差异(P>0.05);夏季7月溺死兔组心、肝、肺、肾组织中硅藻16SrDNA检出率明显高于冬季季12月溺死兔组(P<0.05);夏季7月和冬季12月空气栓塞组心、肝、肺、肾组织中硅藻16SrDNA均未检出。结论宁波甬江水域夏季溺死兔中硅藻16SrDNA检出率高,PCR技术可用于溺死诊断;而冬季硅藻16SrDNA检出率低,运用该技术诊断溺死应慎重。