Educational challenges after year 2007 post election violence in Kenya

This paper sorts to examine the effects of post election violence on education in Kenya, after the presidential election results were disputed over by the two main presidential candidates. The rationale of the paper is due to the fact that among many other aspects of society that were affected in such a case is education. All levels of education were affected, and particularly primary and secondary education could not proceed on schedule as had earlier been planned. Other issues raised in this paper include the trauma experienced by students, loss of parents and guardians among others. The objectives of this paper therefore include： （1） To determine the effects of political violence on the education system in Kenya; （2） To establish the challenges facing students in Kenya after the post election violence; （3） To analyze individual attitudes of students towards the role of education in promoting national unity; （4） To determine how to re-imagine the role of education in promoting peace and peaceful coexistence in Kenya.     

权利冲突之辨析

权利冲突问题是法理学领域的一个重要课题。从权利的形式来源的分类法出发,可以把权利冲突细化为法定权利与法定权利之间的冲突、道德权利与道德权利之间的冲突、法定权利与道德权利之间的冲突三种形式。     

A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF MANDATORY PARENT EDUCATION*

In an effort to take positive steps toward coping with problems for families and children created by high levels of separation and divorce, ever increasing civil caseloads and the exposure of children to interparental conflict, court‐affiliated educational programs have emerged in the United States for parents separating from their spouse or partner or going through a divorce. This article will provide an overview of the creation of such programs and their development, which includes a discussion regarding the numerous states currently mandating parents to attend. It will summarize some of the research which has been conducted as to the efficacy of the programs and will provide the results of our nationwide research for each state's parent education status. There is a discussion of domestic violence issues and sensitivities in the context of parent education programs and possible future directions for mandatory parent education.     

从纠纷到审判利用的过程分析——兼论权利意识和诉讼意识的关系

通过界定权利意识和诉讼意识的概念，指出纠纷发生后，当事人为谋求纠纷的实质性解决，倾向于援引规范作为他们说服的根据，从而使纠纷衍化权利纠纷，权利纠纷使当事人具备权利意识。此．后当事人经过对成本的权衡，并得到国家诉讼政策的允许，选择进行诉讼，将权利意识转化为诉讼意识。结论认为，诉讼意识范畴小于权利意识范畴，具有权利意识的纠纷当事者并不必然选择诉讼作为其权利实现的手段。因此，国家所要做的，就是为当事人之间适于通过审判解决的纠纷提供便利，使其接近司法、接近正义。     

论纠纷的构成机理及其主要特征

关于纠纷的认识，法学界并没有一个严格的界限，一般是笼统地将除刑事案件之外的一切社会不协调现象称为纠纷，而在社会学家看来，纠纷往往等同于社会冲突。事实上，从带有普遍性的矛盾、冲突到围绕着某一具体权益所发生的争议，并不是所有的这些不协调现象都和法律制度相关，只有那些属于法律框架之内的诸种不协调现象，或者可以通过法律程序解决的类似现象才具有法律上的意义。并非所有的纠纷都属于冲突，也不是所有的冲突都可以纳入法律的调整范围。纠纷的主要特征在于纠纷主体的明确性、纠纷双方的对抗性、纠纷的主观性和社会性以及纠纷解决上的自主性。     

物权变动模式之选择与交易安全

物权变动模式之争历时已数百年,交易安全在其中扮演着重要角色。但物权变动与交易安全是两个层面的问题,价值取向不完全一致,不应当合并在一起用一个规则来处理。意思主义的物权变动模式使物权变动和交易安全的问题都得到了较好解决,反对者所提出的诘难是不能成立的。     

无直接利益冲突犯罪初探

社会转型时期，由于利益的分化，社会冲突呈现出新的特点，部分地区甚至出现了无直接利益冲突的犯罪行为，需要引起足够的重视。本文介绍了对无直接利益冲突犯罪的合理界定，分析了在中国的现实状况和表现出的特点，阐释了无直接利益冲突犯罪存在可能的原因，最後提出社会合理化的刑事立法、司法和刑事一体化的综合规制对策。     

关于武装冲突法适用的几个问题

武装冲突法内在地包含着缔约国及其军队遵守和执行武装冲突法的义务。各国适用国际法的政策和实践决定着各自军队适用武装冲突法的情况。我国军队应从实际出发,在借鉴别国及其军队做法的基础上,正确认识武装冲突法的地位作用,合理规范武装冲突法条约缔结和适用的行政权利、立法规划和司法体制,维护国家和军队的根本利益。     

Interpersonal Violence in Alcohol Complicated Marital Relationships (A Study from India)

This study compared 75 wives of alcoholics with an equal number of wives of non-alcoholics matched on key socio-demographic variables, using a cross sectional ex-post facto research design. Instruments to assess the extent of conflict and danger perceived by them in their marital relationship, besides the communication apprehension experienced towards their partners were administered. Analyses showed that the wives of alcoholics as a group had higher levels of conflict, perceived more danger and experienced more apprehension in relating with their spouses, than the subjects of the reference group. Results indicate the need to consciously focus on the spouse of the alcoholic and to help her resolve various marital issues with which she is faced. Implications for therapeutic intervention with couples in alcohol complicated relationships to enable them overcome their marital life deficits are discussed. This study was funded by the University Grants Commission of India. An erratum to this article can be found at     

性权利与婚姻的冲突与衡平

婚姻是对性的某种束缚,配偶权与性自主权之间存在固有的张力和冲突。平衡配偶权与个人性权利的关系,不仅要考虑到个体的自由,也需要捍卫婚姻的合理价值。为此,强化配偶间的忠实义务、同居义务的同时,对非婚性行为、婚外性行为适度宽容和规范,改革离婚法,以促进个体的性权利的实现。