案事件数据可视化研判平台的构建与应用展望

伴随信息化技术的普及,如何利用重大案事件现场勘查结果发掘要素关联关系及关键物证关联的外源信息,对现场勘查的调度指挥和定罪量刑具有极其重要的作用。作者在对国内外现场勘查技术的新进成果进行综述的基础上,以案事件要素关联机理为基准,现场要素可视化技术为核心,开展现场要素数据关联研判及可视化技术分类研究。本文从总体框架、功能模块、关联模式和方案设计等方面,介绍了现场勘验数据可视化展示与目标关联分析研判平台构建内容,并对研发出的案事件数据可视化研判平台的应用前景进行展望。     

四氯四碘荧光素和四甲基联苯胺显现指印效果的比较实验

四氯四碘荧光素是一种高效快捷、安全无害而且成本低廉的试剂,在血指印的显现方面具有传统显现方法不具备的优势。通过四氯四碘荧光素和四甲基联苯胺的显现效果进行比较,四氯四碘荧光素显现液在显现血指印方面具有的优势是:适用范围广泛,弥补了传统显现方法的不足;无毒副作用,对人体不会造成伤害;操作简便;显现的指印可长时间保留;配制简便,成本低廉,省时、省力,便于推广使用;对黑色皮革和黑色橡胶等黑色客体上的血指印效果要比四甲基联苯胺好。     

Optical enhancement of fingerprint deposits on brass using digital color mapping

Abstract: The reflection of visible light from α‐phase brass subject to surface oxidation in air at elevated temperatures is investigated. X‐ray photoelectron and auger electron spectroscopy confirm that covered areas of brass (not exposed to air) display dezincification but an absence of significant surface oxidation, confirming a differential oxidation mechanism. Visualization of differential oxidation is shown to be enhanced by selective digital mapping of colors reflected from the surface of the brass using Adobe^® Photoshop^®. Enhancement is optimal when the brass is heated to ～250°C with areas of oxidation having a mirror‐like appearance. The use of this enhancement method to produce a faithful image of fingerprint ridge characteristics is demonstrated on brass shell casings where fingerprints were deposited prefiring.     

The effect of electrostatic fingerprint visualization on integrated ballistic identification systems

Visualization of fingerprint corrosion on spent brass cartridge cases by the application of a high electrical potential and conducting carbon powder is becoming an accepted method of fingerprint enhancement. However, to date, no examination has been made of any effect this technique has on ballistic identification. To resolve this, images of the breech face and firing pin marks were captured on six plated nickel and six brass primer cup spent cartridge cases. Three nickel and three brass cases were then subjected to the application of a potential of +2500 V for a period of 1 min. The remaining cases were additionally subjected to the application of carbon powder. These latter cases were then washed to remove all traces of powder. Each case was recaptured with the same ballistic identification apparatus and imaging procedure. None of the twelve cases showed any visual difference after the application of the potential or conducting powder.     

Visualizing Lives: New Pathways for Analyzing Life Course Trajectories

The goal of statistical analysis is to find patterns in data. Most statistical methods rely on analyzing the effect of the same set of variables on the population under study, i.e., nomothetic analysis. Therefore, when data are collected in the social sciences, most often they are put in a framework that resembles a spreadsheet: each row represents a separate individual, and each column represents a separate characteristic (or variable) that pertains to that individual.However, not all individuals in the study are affected by the same set of variables: each individual may have his/her own individual set of relevant variables, suggesting that methods be developed that consider them individually, i.e., idiographic analysis. Moreover, lives are lived chronologically, and are often best described in narrative form. These narratives usually have to be condensed, or abridged in other ways, in order to fit the data framework and permit what one might call ``algorithmic analysis. Each set of methods has its advantage: nomothetic methods generate general laws that apply to all, while idiographic methods trace the putative causal relationships that are unique to each individual.This paper describes another data collection and analytic framework, one that (a) is chronological; (b) recognizes that different people may have experienced entirely different events and thus may need different ``variables to understand their behavior; (c) recognizes that, even if people experience similar events, they may have entirely different reactions to them; and (d) can be studied (and patterns inferred) using an exploratory graphical analysis that is more free-form than algorithmic analysis. Examples of this type of analysis used in different medical and criminal justice contexts are given, and suggested directions of research in this area are described.     

Contactless Visualization of Latent Fingerprints on Nonporous Curved Surfaces of Circular Cross Section

Nondestructive techniques for gathering evidence are important in the field of forensics. Due to the geometry of the substrates, nondestructive visualization of fingermarks on curved surfaces remains challenging. A novel contactless technique was developed for visualizing and recording fingermark patterns on nonporous curved surfaces of circular cross section. The technique utilizes a plane mirror to transmit rays from a light source to illuminate the area of interest for fingermark visualization. The fingermark acquisition system consists of a digital single‐lens reflex (SLR) camera, a plane mirror, and a white light source. Mathematical equations are used to calculate the mirror size. Experiments were performed on various curved surfaces to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the technique. Spectral Image Validation and Verification (SIVV) was used to analyze the captured images. The results of this study indicate that the technique described here is able to reveal fingermark patterns on curved surfaces of circular cross section.     

The thermodynamics of latent fingerprint corrosion of metal elements and alloys

Redox reactions taking place between the surface of a metal and fingerprint residue have been expressed thermodynamically in terms of both the Nernst equation for reduction potential and the complexation constant for the formation of complex metal halide ions in aqueous solution. These expressions are used to explain experimental results for the corrosion of 10 different metal elements by fingerprint residue in air at room temperature. Corrosion of noble metals, such as silver and gold, supports the proposition that the degree of metal corrosion is enhanced by the presence of chloride ions in eccrine sweat. Extending the experiments to include 10 metal alloys enabled the construction of a fingerprint corrosion series for 20 different metals. Fingerprint corrosion on metals alloyed with > approximately 40% copper was found to display third level fingerprint detail. A comparison of both conventional ink on paper and digital (Livescan) fingerprinting techniques with fingerprints deposited on 9 Karat gold alloy has shown that gold alloy depositions are least susceptible to third level detail obliteration by poor fingerprint capturing techniques.     

社会论证——越南公民参与政府政策制定的重要形式

制定周延而明智的公共政策的能力和发展不同方案以执行政策的能力是构成当代政府治理能力的两大要素。目前,对越南而言,实行社会论证既是公民有效地参与政府政策制定的重要途径,也是推进民主治理的重要方式。本文旨在分析当前越南实行社会论证的机制、特点与实践价值。     

Deliberative Decision-Making on the Norwegian County Social Welfare Board: The Experiences of Expert and Lay Members

This article examine the entire population of expert and lay decision-makers on the Norwegian County Social Welfare Board, with 57% responding (n = 1598), asked whether they experience being fully informed about the facts in the case; are equal partners in the decision-making team, and if their arguments are taken seriously. Findings show they were highly satisfied with the proceeding and their role in it, and they positively highlighted the judge's role in the decision-making process. However, expert and lay persons are not provided with documents in a timely manner, and some lay members felt subordinate to the other decision-makers.