A unified model of settlement and trial expenditures: The Priest–Klein model extended

Settlement and trial expenditures are crucially interrelated. The literature on settlement, however, takes no account of models of trial. In this paper, we develop a unified model of settlement and trial expenditures. We do this by discarding the usual assumption of settlement models that trial costs are constant across cases. Instead, we follow the literature on trial by permitting trial costs to vary with the legal merit of the plaintiff's case. Our approach can be used to extend standard models of settlement such as the well-known Priest–Klein model as well as models based on asymmetric information. As a demonstration, we extend the Priest–Klein model and generally overturn that model's canonical results. In particular, we show that even in a fully symmetric model, predicted win rates at trial can deviate substantially from 50 percent. Furthermore, win rates will vary in response to legal reforms that shift the decision standard.     

鸡马立克氏病病毒HC135分离株的致病性

从辽宁省某鸡场疑似马立克氏病发病鸡外周血淋巴细胞中分离到1株适应鸭胚成纤维细胞生长的马立克氏病病毒(MDV),经蚀斑克隆和细胞传代,成功培育了1株增殖性能稳定的MDV细胞毒株,命名为HC135株;将HC135株第4代细胞培养物分别人工感染非免疫和不同疫苗免疫的SPF鸡,分析其对鸡的致病力,分离毒株攻毒对照组鸡的发病率为100%(10/10),死亡率为30%(3/10);HVT疫苗及HVT/SB1双价疫苗对分离毒株的保护指数分别为22.2和40.0。结果表明,该毒株可以突破HVT疫苗和HVT/SB1双价疫苗的免疫保护,具有特超强毒株(vv+MDV)的特点;也证实了我国商品鸡群中存在vv+MDV毒株。同时比较了HC135株与14株参考毒株的Meq基因序列,发现其Meq基因的ORF内没有基因片段的插入或缺失,推导的氨基酸存在点突变,这种突变符合高毒力毒株的变异规律。     

莱姆病间接ELISA诊断方法的建立及应用

使用培养的狭义伯氏疏螺旋体B31菌株制备可溶性抗原,建立羊莱姆病血清抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。应用伯氏疏螺旋体阴性、阳性血清评价该方法的特异性和敏感性。根据所建立的方法对从甘肃省甘南地区采集的450份羊血清进行检测。结果显示,该方法对羊莱姆病的阳性检出率和阴性符合率分别为90.1%和90.0%,与羊霉形体、布鲁氏菌、弓形虫以及羊无浆体、巴贝斯虫、泰勒虫等常见蜱传播病原的阳性血清之间没有交叉反应。甘肃省甘南地区夏河县、临潭县和卓尼县羊莱姆病的感染率分别为3.3%、6.1%和4.1%,甘南地区的平均感染率为5.1%。结果表明,本研究所建立的方法能够用于羊莱姆病的血清学诊断,甘南地区可能存在莱姆病的自然疫源地。     

四株广东鸽源新城疫病毒的生物学特性

采用RT-PCR方法从广东省分离的4株鸽新城疫病毒中扩增出F和HN基因片段,并对其进行克隆及序列分析,另外对该4株分离株进行了致病指数的测定。结果发现,分离株NDV/GD-1的静脉接种致病指数为1.84,脑内接种致病指数为1.287 5,鸡胚平均死亡时间为78h;NDV/GD-2的静脉接种致病指数为1.55,脑内接种致病指数为1.162 5,鸡胚平均死亡时间为138h;NDV/GD-3的静脉接种致病指数为0.44,脑内接种致病指数为1.35,鸡胚平均死亡时间为126h;NDV/GD-4的静脉接种致病指数为2.51,脑内接种致病指数为1.35,鸡胚平均死亡时间为84h;分离株NDV/GD-2属于基因Ⅱ型;NDV/GD-4属于基因Ⅶd型,与广西株Gxp40亲缘关系最近;NDV/GD-1、NDV/GD-3均属于基因Ⅵ型,与云南分离株Pigeon/China/YN亲缘关系最近;比较分离株与流行的新城疫基因Ⅶ型毒株的F全基因序列以及分离株与常用疫苗株的F、HN全基因序列,发现核苷酸和氨基酸差异较大,证实这4株分离株的生物学特性均有不同程度的差异。     

产志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体大肠杆菌LAMP检测方法的建立

为建立产志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体(Stx2e)大肠杆菌的环介导恒温扩增(LAMP)检测方法,参照Gen-Bank中12条Stx2e序列和9条Stx2序列,针对Stx2e基因保守区域设计并合成4条引物,分别进行了反应条件优化、特异性试验、敏感性试验及模拟样品检测。结果显示,用所建立的LAMP方法对阳性样品扩增所得产物电泳后呈特征性梯状条带,阴性样品的扩增产物电泳后均无扩增条带。建立的LAMP方法对Stx2e+大肠杆菌的最低检出量为38CFU/管,敏感性高于PCR方法(3.8×103CFU/管)。LAMP和PCR对模拟样品检测结果的符合率为100%。该研究为仔猪水肿病的诊断和Stx2e+大肠杆菌的快速检测提供了新的方法。     

Psychosocial Complications of Crohn's Disease and Cause of Death

Patients who suffer from Crohn's disease are prone not only to the complications of a relapsing, unpredictable disease, but also to feelings of stigmatization; depression; and increased risk of suicidal ideation, suicide, or drug and alcohol abuse. Cases performed at the Jackson County Medical Examiner's Office from 2008 to 2010 were reviewed. Autopsy findings, investigator reports, toxicology results, medical records, and interviews with survivors were analyzed. Twelve cases of Crohn's disease were recovered. In 10 of these cases, inflammatory bowel disease was not the cause of death. Instead, psychosocial consequences of the disease had significant implications in the deaths. The mean age of decedents was 45 years, with a female predominance. In eight cases, the decedents lived alone. Five patients had issues of acute or chronic drug or alcohol use. Five patients committed suicide. These cases underscore the role of psychosocial factors that can contribute significantly to the cause of death in patients with Crohn's disease.     

Shot Through the Heart—Firepower and Potential Lethality of Air Weapons

Although certain air weapons attain muzzle velocities comparable to some firearms, their successful use for committing suicide is rarely seen. Herein, we report a case of a young female died shortly after urgent admission to the hospital with penetrating gunshot wound to the chest. The autopsy revealed perforation of the pericardium and two perforative defects to the right heart ventricle. Injury was inflicted by a 0.177 caliber pellet, fired from an air rifle found near her body. Investigation ruled the death as suicide. The used air rifle fired the pellet with the energy density of 1.9 J/mm², substantially above the threshold for inflicting injury. The pellet penetrated through two layers of cotton fabric and several layers of tissue to inflict fatal injury to the heart. In addition, we provide an insight into the wounding potential of air weapons, which illustrates the need for greater caution in handling those devices.     

Is Violence Bad for Your Health? An Assessment of Chronic Disease Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample

Longitudinal offending research has grown substantially in the last two decades. Despite this increased scholarly attention, longitudinal investigations of the effects of offending on physical health have not kept pace. Acknowledging the intersections of criminology, criminal justice, and public health, this study examines the relationship between violent offending and chronic diseases among a nationally representative longitudinal sample of young adults. Results suggest that variation across offender typologies (i.e. adolescence-limited, adult-onset, and consistent violence during youth and young adulthood) significantly predicts experiencing chronic disease in early adulthood, with the risk being the most pronounced among those individuals, who demonstrate violence continuity. Study limitations and policy implications are discussed.     

对一起职业病鉴定否定原诊断结论案例的分析

通过对一起经职业病鉴定后否定原诊断结论案例的分析,探讨如何正确运用和进一步完善职业病诊断与鉴定方面的法律、法规和标准,保护劳动者生命健康权益。     

组织RNA检测用于死亡时间推断的研究进展

近几年来利用RNA的降解程度来推断死亡时间已逐渐成为法医学研究热点.本文复习相关研究文献,对大鼠不同组织(脑组织、心脏组织、肝脏组织和肾组织等)中RNA在推断死亡时间的具体应用方法做出总结,归纳出不同组织中的各类RNA在推断死亡时间方面的适用范围,以及对此种方法在推断死亡时间的过程中产生的问题及可行性的解决方法.