规范主义·经验主义·程序主义——西方政治合法性理论的范式演变

西方有关合法性研究的历史源远流长。在从柏拉图、亚里士多德到启蒙思想家一脉的古典政治哲学传统中,正义、善、公共幸福等规范概念居于核心地位,规范主义是当时合法性思想的基本范式。随着19世纪末以后传统规范哲学的衰落,以及现代政治科学的兴起,合法性概念的提出者韦伯所开创的经验主义就成为合法性研究的主流范式。20世纪70、80年代以后,西方先后出现了规范政治哲学和审议民主理论复兴的热潮。这两股浪潮为合法性理论开启了一种新的范式图景——程序主义合法性。程序主义合法性模式的特点是既重视传统政治哲学中的价值规范,同时更注重价值规范形成确立的实践过程——公共审议;其实质是主张经由审慎理性的辩论协商程序以达致一种“辩论的共识”。     

Placating the Powerless: Effects of Legitimate and Illegitimate Explanation on Affect,Memory, and Stereotyping

In an experimental study involving power differences between groups, the effects of legitimate and illegitimate explanations for power were investigated on measures of affect, stereotyping, and memory. We found that powerless groups reported more positive affect (relative to negative affect) when explanations were provided for their powerlessness, whether these explanations were classified a priori as either legitimate or illegitimate. Members of powerless groups also attributed greater intelligence and responsibility to the outgroup when it was in a position of high power rather than equal power, and these effects on stereotyping were enhanced when explanations for the power differences were provided. Finally, research participants tended to misremember the reasons given for the power differences as more legitimate than they actually were. These results support a system justification theory of intergroup behavior (Jost and Banaji [1994] Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 33:1–27) in that people seem to imbue placebic explanations with legitimacy, use stereotypes to rationalize power differences, and exhibit biases in memory such that the status quo is increasingly legitimized over time.     

刑事推定的正当性与规则设计探讨

刑事推定的正当性主要体现在合理免除或是分配举证责任、破解证明困难而造成的诉讼僵局。刑事推定具有"基础事实+常态联系→推定事实"的特定结构,其成立的条件是基础事实必须查证属实,法官所据以推定的常态联系必须可靠,推定结论不被推翻。刑事推定应在遵守基础事实与常态联系可靠性原则、谨慎适用原则、直接推定原则、允许反驳规则等推定一般原则外,还应体现有利被告人推定可普遍使用原则以及不利被告人的推定限制使用规则两个特有原则。刑事推定核心规则的核心问题在于对不利被告人的推定的法律规制问题,主要是严格限制不利被告人推定的适用范围,特别是对不利于被告人的法律推定的确定应规范、合理。     

制度伦理教育的合法性审视

制度伦理教育是指致力于使人认可、内化并践行契约伦理的教育.在我国,随着市场经济的发展,罗尔斯正义理论在教育界的影响日益深远等,它已经悄然兴起.合法性判断是对事物是否符合社会、时代发展的一个最基本的判断,所以对制度伦理教育进行合法性判断是非常必要的.道德教育合法性判断的依据包括道德伦理合法性判断的依据和道德教育方式方法合法性判断的依据.前者具体可分为民意、文化传统和超越三重依据;后者具体可分为尊重常识道德、教育者"言行一致"、旨在于使人向善、有效性四重依据.以这些依据作为评判的标准,不难发现制度伦理教育尽管有很多地方值得我们去借鉴,但它并不具有很强的合法性基础,它的兴起不能实现其已有的承诺.     

禁止集体建设用地使用权进入房地产市场的正当性质疑

政府允许集体建设用地使用权流转却禁止其开发房地产,其理由不外乎是防止耕地流失、农村土地开发房地产与现行农村宅基地使用权制度相冲突、需要保持政府对房地产市场用地的垄断,这些理由并不充分和正当。从禁止所产生的后果来看,禁止也不具有正当性。政府在重新配置集体建设用地使用权时,要将公平与正义作为核心价值理念,充分尊重农民土地权益,平等对待国有、集体建设用地使用权,以实现城乡房地产市场的一体化发展。     

The Decision to Become a Police Officer in a Legitimacy Crisis

This study examines how individuals make the decision to become police officers in the context of a police legitimacy crisis and how men and women’s decision-making processes may be different. In-depth interviews were conducted with 42 criminal justice college students who want to become police officers. Prospective police officers anticipated facing challenges as a direct result of the current climate surrounding American policing, which is characterized by decreased police legitimacy. On top of this, women anticipated facing more challenges than male officers due to their gender and underrepresentation in police work. However, women were uniquely motivated to enter policing to overcome gender-specific challenges and felt that they offered special skills that would provide solutions to the police legitimacy crisis. The paper draws implications for how agencies can identify more quality candidates and increase their representation of women.     

Victims’ perceptions of the police response as a predictor of victim cooperation in the Netherlands: a prospective analysis

The current study prospectively explores whether crime victims’ willingness to cooperate with the police is predicted by victims’ perceptions of police officers’ behaviour with regard to their case through their perceptions of police legitimacy. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the interrelationships between the study variables while controlling for baseline values among a sample of 201 crime victims in the Netherlands. Results indicate that victims’ perceptions of procedural justice and police performance were predictive of both indicators of perceived police legitimacy (i.e. obligation to obey the law and trust in the police). Moreover, victims’ willingness to cooperate with the police was indirectly predicted by victims’ perceptions of procedural justice and police performance, through their perceptions of obligation to obey the law. These findings suggest that police officers may play an important role in stimulating victims’ willingness to cooperate with the police by treating victims fairly and by taking investigative actions to solve the crime.     

普京时代俄罗斯经济转轨方向的调整:从宪政治理到威权治理

从戈尔巴乔夫改革开始,俄罗斯经济便陷入了困境,叶利钦时期的"休克疗法"更加使俄罗斯经济陷入水深火热的境地。普京执政后,俄罗斯经济逐渐走出困境,不仅实现了政局稳定、经济增长的目标,而且逐步恢复了其在世界经济的大国影响力。是什么原因造成如此大的反差?我们的观点认为正是普京的威权治国模式才使得俄罗斯经济重新崛起。中国和东亚一些国家威权治理的成功经验,反衬了叶利钦时期俄罗斯宪政治理的弊端与缺陷,从而得出在经济发展初期,必须保证国家的权威,即实行威权治理。而在具备一定经济基础的条件下,必须适时由威权治理向宪政治理转轨。     

和谐社会视野下的警察权控制

构建警察权的控制体系是由警察权的性质决定的,也是法治和保护人权的要求。和谐社会视野下警察权的控制以比例原则、司法控制和程序公正作为基本原则,从和谐社会的内在要求出发,通过建立系统的内部制约机制、加强司法机关对公安机关的监督、强化公民的权利保护、树立程序公正理念等途径,把规范和控制警察权纳入法制轨道中,从而对警察权进行科学有效地控制和约束。