“省直管县”相关概念辨析

近年来,国内关于“省直管县”体制改革的呼声越来越高,然而,学界在对“省直管县”体制改革进行研究的过程中普遍存在着概念混淆和滥用现象.本文对“市管县”、“省管县”、“财政省直管县”、“行政省直管县”、“强县扩权”、“扩权强县”等相关概念及其相互关系进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了“省直管县”体制改革模式及其演进逻辑.     

论丧失继承权的恢复

继承权恢复制度是和继承权丧失紧密相连的。继承人由于不当行为被剥夺继承资格后,依据继承资格能否恢复分为继承权绝对丧失和继承权相对丧失两种。我国《继承法》采取的是继承权绝对丧失与相对丧失并存的立法模式,并且决定绝对丧失和相对丧失的根据是继承人行为的恶劣程度扣危害性。继承权是一种私法上的权利,丧失的继承权能否恢复应该由被继承人决定。     

对一起美容非法行医案件的思考

生活美容机构开展医学美容业务存在着监管难题,如在执法调查及行政处罚过程中,违法主体认定、证据收集、法律适用等关键环节都存在着诸多问题。作者通过对一起未经批准在生活美容店开展医学美容的行政处罚案例的讨论,探讨非法行医案件调查取证的难点,剖析案件查处过程中违法主体、违法事实认定及法律适用等问题,提出对此类执法工作的相关建议。     

论遗嘱受益回避简

遗嘱受益回避,即因特定角色之承担从而能对他人遗嘱的成立或生效产生重要影响的入,不得从该他人遗嘱中受益。遗嘱受益回避的适用对象,包括遗嘱订立时遗嘱人的监护人、医疗人员和参与遗嘱订立的见证人、公证人及起草人,以及前列人员的配偶、直系血亲和兄弟姐妹。遗嘱受益回避的除外情形为：前述人员与遗嘱人之间有配偶、直系血亲或兄弟姐妹关系;即使某见证人或公证人没有参与,遗嘱也能有效成立;遗嘱起草人被列为受益人时,遗嘱人已征询无利害关系律师的独立意见。     

论不完整意义上的亲属拒证权--评2012年《刑事诉讼法》第188条

2012年《刑事诉讼法》第188条增设的亲属出庭作证义务豁免权填补了我国现代亲属拒证权制度的空白,丰富了《刑事诉讼法》人权保障的内容,显现出容隐制度呈现出回归的端倪,彰显了我国与现代西方法律制度相融合的趋势。相较于中国古代的容隐制度和现代西方国家的亲属拒证权制度,亲属出庭作证义务豁免权只能被视为不完整意义上的亲属拒证权。无论是权利主体范围,还是权利内容,亲属出庭作证义务豁免权都有进一步完善发展的空间;并且该规定在实施中可能遭遇被误读、阻碍案件证明、流于形式以及侵犯被告人对质权的风险。对这些风险和问题应当予以充分认识、合理应对,以使司法实践准确落实这一规定,并为确立完整意义上的亲属拒证权奠定基础。     

Globalization and regulatory change: The interplay of laws and technologies in E-commerce in Southeast Asia

Electronic commerce has brought about business and technological changes globally, and these global changes have given rise to major legal reforms across nations. In the fast-changing global digital economy, states need strategies to maintain competitiveness of their markets while simultaneously ensuring the secure and effective use of technologies involved in conducting electronic transactions. This paper examines how the use and recognition of electronic signatures are regulated in Southeast Asia – the region that has shown the most significant growth in global e-commerce in past few years. Based on a comparative analysis of the laws of four representative ASEAN member states – namely Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam, this paper argues that there is a regional trend towards adopting more liberal and technology-neutral standards for electronic signatures. Electronic signature regulation in Southeast Asia is now built upon limited technological neutrality (or the so-called “two-tiered” approach) as a shared regulatory understanding, but this approach is operationalized differently in each state due to distinctive national contexts. Within the common legal framework, each state has developed its own system of control and management with respect to higher-level signatures (using advanced technologies). The principle of technological neutrality, a concept originally developed for the regulation of technologies in response to the liberalization of telecommunications market, has been the central theme of discussions on the e-transactions policy-making scene. As the author shows, in the process through which states localize the global standards of technological neutrality, ASEAN as a vehicle of regulatory change has played an essential role in translating this principle to the national context.     

China's new regulatory regime tailored for the sharing economy: The case of Uber under Chinese local government regulation in comparison to the EU,US, and the UK

Although Uber's arrival in China has resulted in disruptive competition for incumbent taxi companies, it offers an attractive alternative in China's supply-demand-imbalanced urban passenger transport system. China's regulatory regime for Uber has evolved in three stages: from the regulatory vacuum prior to 2015 to its official legalization in 2015–2016, and the enactment of numerous local regulations in 2016, with specific and more demanding requirements for Uber. This policy is a part of the Chinese approach to the gradual liberalization of the urban passenger transport market. Policymakers should consider ‘fair competition’ as the guiding principle to balance the interests of sharing firms and incumbent service providers, as well as between different sharing firms. The core value of this principle lies in the benefits it provides for consumers and the way it engenders a pro-competitive market environment. The labor protection arrangements for sharing firms’ laborers should be more flexible and diversified. In order to recognize whether an Uber-Driver is an employee or independent contractor, a new standard taking into account a range of factors should be established through collective negotiations between the participants of the sharing economy, and dialogues between members of the judiciary, academics, and the policymakers. Further, consumer protection law and personal data protection provisions should apply when sharing firms misuse their distinctive algorithmic management model to compete unfairly to the detriment of consumers and other users. Ex ante regulatory measures designed to protect the personal data of users should be introduced for deployment in the context of the sharing economy. When enforcing these rules, a balance should be struck ensuring free data flow that is essential to sharing firms’ innovation and competition, and the need to ensure the level of data security required to underpin a well-functioning sharing society.     

The security of access to accounts under the PSD2

The revised Payment Services Directive (‘PSD2’) has been adopted to stimulate the development of an integrated internal market for payment services. In particular, it facilitates payment initiation services and account information services by granting the providers of these services access to the accounts of the payment service users. At the same time, the recitals state that the PSD2 guarantees a high level of consumer protection, security of payment transactions and protection against fraud.This paper answers the following question: To what extent does the access to accounts of the payment initiation service providers and account information service providers balance the development of the market for payment services with the security of the payment account and the privacy of the user? An analysis of the PSD2 shows that the development of the market for payment services has a higher priority. Security and privacy are ultimately subordinate.First, the PSD2 does not adequately protect the personal data of the users. The definition of ‘account information service’ is broad and covers a wide range of services. This allows the payment service providers to circumvent the limitations of the access to accounts.Next, the payment service providers have a ‘fall back option’ that allows ‘screen scraping’ if the dedicated interface is not functioning properly. Although this access is constrained by several safeguards, the fall back option gives the payment services provider unlimited access to the account of the user.Finally, the payment service providers have considerable freedom to arrange their authentication process as they see fit. The banks seem to be required to trust this process. The PSD2 and regulatory technical standards do not demand that a bank is able to verify the authentication or the integrity of the payment order.     

国际法中健康权的产生、内涵及实施机制

健康权作为二战后兴起的一项重要人权,其发展路径具有从国际法向国内法扩展的特点。"人身的固有尊严"是健康权的正当性基础所在,也决定着健康权的基本内涵。《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第12条第1款规定的健康权既是自由权,也是社会权,既指获得卫生保健的权利,也包括获得构成健康基础条件的权利;第12条第2款规定只是列举了公约起草者认为特别重要的四项义务,而非缔约国的全部义务。缔约国义务的性质和范围必须结合公约第2条规定的一般义务条款加以判定。健康权的实施机制包括缔约国报告机制、书面申诉机制,以及调查报告机制三种,不同机制对缔约国的约束力不同,综合运用多种机制确保健康权的有效实施是今后的发展趋势。     

The importance of dark adaptation for forensic examinations; an evaluation of the Crime-lite Eye™

Forensic practitioners are recommended to dark adapt their eyes prior to conducting evidential searches in the dark. The dark adaptation process remains poorly standardised across the discipline, with little quantified regarding the benefits of such preparative steps. Herein, we report the findings of a study that recruited 50 participants to assess the effectiveness of the Crime-lite Eye?, a darkness adaptation device developed to assist forensic practitioners both in the laboratory and in field. Participants were tasked with searching for the fluorescent signatures left by reaction of 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) with amino acids, in a manner akin to the fluorogenic fingerprint treatment of porous evidence. Using an Epson Stylus Photo R265 inkjet printer, ink cartridges were filled with alanine solutions of various concentrations, allowing different motifs to be printed onto copy paper and subsequently developed using DFO. Participants searched for this ‘evidence’ both with and without dark adapted vision. On average, participants were able to locate and correctly recognise 16% more evidence once dark adapted using the Crime-lite Eye?.The increase in evidence located by participants once dark adapted suggests that crime scene officers should be dark adapting in order to visualise as much as possible. The time taken to dark adapt, 10?min on average during this study, is not excessively long, and should not significantly slow the investigation.