GHB free acid: II. Isolation and spectroscopic characterization for forensic analysis

A reference standard for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) free acid is not commercially available, making its analysis in forensic exhibits more difficult. GHB free acid is typically encountered in aqueous solution and in the presence of the lactone, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), presenting difficulty in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The strong infrared (IR) absorptivity of the GBL carbonyl band, the shifting of the GBL carbonyl band in aqueous solutions, and the position of the O-H bend for water can mask the main carbonyl band for GHB free acid. Model solutions of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and GBL were studied in order to further understand the masking of the GHB free acid carbonyl band in FT-IR analysis. The use of second derivative FT-IR spectroscopy was shown to provide resolution of the free acid carbonyl band, and a presumptive test for GHB free acid was developed and applied. An extension of this work included preparing, for use as a standard reference material, small amounts (< or = 10 mg) of GHB free acid. Preparation was based on the instantaneous reaction of GHB's sodium salt with a stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution, and subsequent isolation of the free acid in neat liquid form. Both FT-IR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the neat reference material were obtained and used to verify its identity. The isolation of GHB free acid from actual forensic exhibits is also presented, with identity confirmation using FT-IR.     

心肌缺血内皮素RT-PCR初步研究及其意义

目的为探讨心肌缺血后内皮素基因在心肌组织内表达的变化。方法用RT-PCR法研究了心肌缺血60min后心肌内皮素的表达情况。结果发现RT-PCR结果显示缺血组和正常组均检出ET-1mRNA,但是二者之间有显著性差异,说明缺血可以诱导ET-1mRNA增高。结论本实验为ET-1免疫组织化学法研究奠定了分子基础。     

中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度的奠基石--纪念"五一"口号发布55周年

本文分析了“五一”口号提出的历史背景 ,回顾了口号发表前后中国共产党和各民主党派所进行的主要工作 ,说明口号的发布标志着各民主党派公开、自觉地接受了中国共产党的领导 ,标志着各民主党派坚定地走上了新民主主义、社会主义的道路 ,标志着中国的民主政治建设和政党制度建设揭开了新篇章。     

实验性脑挫伤后caspase—1表达的研究

目的阐明不同程度及不同时间脑挫伤后caspase-1表达的变化。方法应用免疫组织化学染色、Western-blotting和RT-PCR方法对48例实验性脑挫伤大鼠的脑组织进行了检验,同时以3例非脑挫伤和3例假手术的脑组织做对照。结果脑挫伤后1h caspase-1即有表达,24-48h达高峰,挫伤后两周caspase-1阳性细胞仍维持较高水平。阳性细胞多集中于挫伤区及周围带皮质和脑实质内海马区,不同程度脑挫伤各组之间阳性细胞面积存在差异;损伤组caspase-1酶原裂解增加;损伤组caspase-1mRNA表达量明显高于对照组;不同程度脑挫伤组之间于各个时间段caspase-1mRNA表达未见差异。 结论 Caspase-1表达增加,可辅助诊断1h-14d的脑挫伤,并可根据caspase-1阳性细胞面积的变化来确定脑挫伤程度,同时对判断挫伤时间方面也有一定的价值。caspase-1参与脑挫伤后的神经细胞凋亡。     

Analysis of the autopsy,toxicological, and psychiatric reports of Portugal’s first major forensic case: part III

This work presents an odd historical record obtained through more than 14 years of research regarding one of the first major European forensic cases. The presumed homicide of Mário Guilherme Augusto de Sampaio in 1890 was allegedly perpetrated by his uncle, the prestigious doctor Vicente Urbino de Freitas. This famous poisoning had international repercussions for decades, with the participation of several forensic experts that made the history of forensic sciences, namely forensic toxicology and pathology. This third work aims to collect, restore, and analyse all the forensic evidence, particularly from the autopsy, toxicological, and psychiatric forensic reports. Facts regarding the life of Vicente Urbino de Freitas during his exile in Brazil were also recovered, along with a vast and outstanding assortment of forensic medicine photographs from the 19th century.     

学习贯彻十六大精神,一定要抓住"三个代表" 重要思想这一核心问题

学习贯彻十六大精神,一定要抓住"三个代表"重要思想这一核心问题.抓住"三个代表"这个核心,就必须理解它的时代背景和形成的历史过程,就必须把握"七一"讲话的基本精神."三个代表"重要思想的提出与世纪之交我们党面临的国际国内形势任务、与20世纪末国际共产主义运动发生的重大历史挫折、与邓小平向第三代领导集体交接班时的重托以及与世纪之交我党以整风精神开展"三讲"教育的实践活动有密切关系."七一"讲话围绕着贯彻"三个代表"思想提出了十大理论新观点.通过对这些新的理论观点的学习讨论,进一步提高了认识,统一了思想,为十六大的胜利召开奠定了思想理论基础.     

Institutions and Morality Policy in Western Democracies

This article investigates whether different political institutions such as executives, legislatures, parties, party systems, judiciaries, decentralization, constitutionalism, and referendums across 24 Western democracies are venues for debate across five individual morality policies. Using data since 1945, the article compares three theories of morality policy—(1) Policy Type leading to different institutional venues; (2) Two Worlds of religious/secular party systems; and (3) U.S./European exceptionalism. In order, the most frequently debated issues are abortion, same sex marriage, euthanasia, stem cells/assisted reproductive technology (ART), and capital punishment. There is considerable variation in the institutions and country groups that debate them although fewer differences in the Two Worlds model. Abortion, euthanasia, and same sex marriage are the most convergent issues across institutions, party systems, and country groupings while capital punishment and stem cells/ART show the most diverse patterns of deliberation. The general Policy Type model of morality policy is upheld, but varies institutionally by specific issues. The Two Worlds model is of some importance, but only on three issues. There also are regional differences between the United States, Europe, and non‐European democracies.     

Mutual and Self Perceptions of Opposing Advocacy Coalitions: Devil Shift and Angel Shift in a German Policy Subsystem

In political conflicts, actors tend to assume that opponents behave maliciously. This phenomena is part of the “devil shift,” which was introduced in advocacy coalition framework research. We present a multivariate analysis of the perceptions of motives and actions of opposing coalitions in a political conflict and thereby analyze a major dimension of the “devil shift” and of its antonym “angel shift.” The conflict concerning the German infrastructure project Stuttgart 21 serves as a case study. We show that the radicalness of policy‐specific beliefs is the most important predictor for the intensity of mutual misperception in the researched conflict. The results further point to a more systematic inclusion of an actor's deep normative core beliefs in future analyses of distorted perception. Another central finding relates to the importance of the personal environment: actors in the subsystem share the same policy core beliefs with the majority of people in their personal environment.