《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》评析

第59届联合国大会通过的《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》肯定了国家豁免是一项国际法原则,对限制豁免进行了认定。当今的国际社会,限制豁免更易被接受。限制豁免是国际法规范的发展趋势。我国应制定《国家豁免法》,明确规定限制豁免的做法。     

The Climate Change Regime: An Enviro-Economic Problem and International Administrative Law in the Making

The climate change problem, or global warming, has gained a prominent place on the international political agenda, since the mid-1980s, when it first attracted political attention. The problem was initially perceived mainly as an environmental problem that could be resolved by technological solutions, its current perception, this essay argues, is best characterized as that of an enviro-economic problem. A perception that is exemplified by the ongoing negotiations for the development of economic mechanisms to tackle the problem. The climate change arena is a complex one, involving dichotomies between developed and developing countries, between fossil fuel producing and importing countries and between small island developing states and other states. This essay outlines the interests that play a role in the climate change negotiations and discusses the international climate change regime as contained in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. It concludes that the climate change negotiations are complicated by the fact that the negotiators, in addition to developing new substantive rules for a complex problem, are involved in developing new systemic rules for the international legal system. These new systemic rules have more in common with rules of national systems of public or administrative law than with traditional rules of international law, which have many similarities with national systems of contract law.     

职务犯罪主体之反思与重构——以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

《联合国反腐败公约》是关于治理腐败犯罪最完整、最全面的国际公约,对我国职务犯罪主体的刑事立法和司法实践产生很大的影响。通过对职务犯罪主体的一般理论研究,揭示我国职务犯罪主体和《联合国反腐败公约》规定的主体两者之间的冲突,对我国职务犯罪主体进行反思和重构,以利于实现和《联合国反腐败公约》的有效衔接。     

国际法律程序中法官和仲裁员因素 ——以中菲南海争端仲裁案为例

国际法律程序包含了司法程序和仲裁程序。在上述程序中，国际司法程序中的法官和国际仲裁程序中的仲裁员的个人因素都或多或少会在法律活动中产生一定影响。国际司法程序的法官具有独立性，需宣誓只效忠法院或法庭，但其独立性是相对的，选举阶段的政治因素以及当选后法官的国籍、思想、观念都会影响他/她对案件的处理；国际仲裁程序的仲裁员的独立性较之国际法院和国际海洋法法庭等国际司法机构的法官更显不足，争端当事方指定的仲裁员往往代表其利益，维护其立场。在国际法律程序中，法官和仲裁员会在程序规则的制定、传唤证人或专家及视察涉案地点、收受证据、查明事实和法律、对判决结果发表个别意见和反对意见等诸多法律环节拥有一定权利并发挥一定作用。了解和掌握上述法律程序以及法官和仲裁员的个人作用，对于中国已卷入的菲律宾发起的强制仲裁案件以及未来的潜在案件会有所帮助。在中国暂未参与仲裁程序，而且放弃指派仲裁员的情况下，对仲裁员因素的研究有利于监督和避免不利于中国的人为因素的影响，同时一旦中国在未来以某种形式参与到仲裁程序时，需在规则范围内去发挥和制造有利于中国的人为因素的影响。     

巴勒莫公约视角下的我国涉黑犯罪立法

刑法修正案（八）对涉黑犯罪的法条作了修订，不仅提高了法定刑，而且增设了财产刑。我国刑法涉黑犯罪的规定与巴勒莫公约的规定精神是基本一致的，但也存在差异，主要是公约规定的故意“促使”实施涉及有组织犯罪集团的严重犯罪行为之惩处以及该公约要求各缔约国对“提供实质性配合者”考虑给予“减轻处罚”或“免予起诉”的可能性的问题，在我国邢法中尚未体现，因而还有完善之空间。     

The genie in the bottle: The international regulation of genetically modified organisms

Abstract

This paper describes the circumstances surrounding charges laid against a retail vendor of Traditional Asian Medicinals under Canada's Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRI‐ITA). The vendor was charged with selling a product containing species listed as Appendix I under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES).     

Cyber terrorism challenges: The need for a global response to a multi-jurisdictional crime

With the widespread concerns about cyber terrorism and the frequent use of the term “cyber terrorism” at the present time, many international organisations have made efforts to combat this threat. Since cyber terrorism is an international crime, local regulations alone are not able to defend against such attacks; they require a transnational response. Therefore, an attacked country will invoke international law to seek justice for any damage caused, through the exercise of universal jurisdiction. Without the aid of international organisations, it is difficult to prevent cyber terrorism. At the same time, international organisations determine which state court, or international court, has the authority to settle a dispute. The objective of this paper is to analyse and review the effectiveness and sufficiency of the current global responses to cyber terrorism through the exercise of international jurisdiction. This article also touches upon the notion of cyber terrorism as a transnational crime and an international threat; thus, national regulations alone cannot prevent it. The need for an international organisation to prevent and defend nations from cyber terrorism attacks is pressing. This paper finds that, as cyber terrorism is a transnational crime, it should be subjected to universal jurisdiction through multinational cooperation, and this would be the most suitable method to counter future transnational crimes such as cyber terrorism.