Further notes on information,corruption, and optimal law enforcement

We consider two important notes on optimal law enforcement with corruption. First, we analyze the role of asymmetric information on the emergence of collusion between criminals and enforcers. Second, our paper proposes that the optimal criminal sanction for the underlying offense is not necessarily maximal. We achieve this result by coupling the criminal sanction for the underlying offense with a criminal sanction for corruption, both imposed on offenders. A higher criminal sanction for the underlying offense implies that the government must spend more resources to detect and punish corruption (since the likelihood of collusion increases). Thus, the government could reduce this sanction, save on detection, and increase the criminal sanction for corruption (in order to offset the negative effect on deterrence). We are grateful to Mitch Polinsky and two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply.     

Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow strip test for rapid identification of human blood (Rapid Stain Identification™-Blood)

Human blood is the body fluid most commonly encountered at crime scenes, and blood detection may aid investigators in reconstructing what occurred during a crime. In addition, blood detection can help determine which items of evidence should be processed for DNA-STR testing. Unfortunately, many common substances can cause red-brown stains that resemble blood. Furthermore, many current human blood detection methods are presumptive and prone to false positive results. Here, the developmental validation of a new blood identification test, Rapid Stain Identification™-Blood (RSID™-Blood), is described. RSID™-Blood utilizes two anti-glycophorin A (red blood cell membrane specific protein) monoclonal antibodies in a lateral flow strip test format to detect human blood. We present evidence demonstrating that this test is accurate, reproducible, easy to use, and highly specific for human blood. Importantly, RSID™-Blood does not cross-react with ferret, skunk, or primate blood and exhibits no high-dose hook effect. Also, we describe studies on the sensitivity, body fluid specificity, and species specificity of RSID™-Blood. In addition, we show that the test can detect blood from a variety of forensic exhibits prior to processing for DNA-STR analysis. In conclusion, we suggest that RSID™-Blood is effective and useful for the detection of human blood on forensic exhibits, and offers improved blood detection when compared to other currently used methods.     

决策学在个案侦查活动中的应用

决策在管理学中地位非常重要,以至于有管理即是决策之说。侦查过程中充满了决策活动。打击犯罪活动的总体策略和个案侦查的具体决策具有不同的特点。个案侦查决策的特点决定了其独有的决策方法。     

数据挖掘在交通肇事逃逸案中的应用

目的阐述数据挖掘的概念及在交通肇事逃逸案件侦破中的应用。方法利用粗糙集等数据挖掘的算法 ,从中发现事先未知、但又是潜在有用的信息。结果将这一方法运用到具有共性问题的刑事案件侦破领域 ,可以对该类案件发生的规律、模式进行比较系统的描述和较好的预测。结论为公安机关迅速侦破案件提出高效的、实用的决策支持。     

Simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide,ethanol, and 1-propanol in blood by headspace GC–MS/NPD with Deans switch dual detector system

Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol analysis is routinely performed in most forensic laboratories. In this study, we attempted to develop a method for the simultaneous quantification of cyanide and alcohols in blood using headspace gas chromatography (HS–GC). As nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) is more sensitive to hydrogen cyanide than mass spectrometry (MS), a Deans switch was used to switch the detectors during a single run. The separation provided by three analytical columns, PoraBOND Q, CP-Sil 5 CB, and HP-INNOWax, was investigated, and PoraBOND Q was selected. The use of HS–GC–MS/NPD with a Deans switch enabled the simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide, ethanol, and 1-propanol. Eighteen other volatile compounds were detected in the SIM/scan mode of the MS.     

反测试的手段及应对策略探析

在多导仪测试中出现的“反测试”会干扰测试人员对图谱的分析，本文通过分析对抗型和功利型两类反测试者，发现其反测试的方式主要是通过抑制相关问题（靶问题）的反应或增强对准绳问题（背景）的反应来实施，最常用的手段是体能性反测试和精神性反测试。针对其反测试的方式和手段，制定相关的应对策略。     

浅析ATM犯罪及其侦防对策

ATM犯罪迅速蔓延，手法多样且呈智能化、隐蔽性，破案率一直比较低。侦破ATM案件必须做到：完善立案机制；选择合适的突破口，分别从ATM或银行卡着手，展开侦查；灵活运用侦查策略，及时控制、缉捕犯罪嫌疑人。同时，应加大银行监管力度，明确银行责任；提高ATM科技含量，增强公众风险意识，切实减少ATM犯罪。     

血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析

目的对交通事故中血液中乙醇检测结果进行法医学分析。方法从检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败、饮酒量与血液中乙醇质量浓度关系等方面进行血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析。结果检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败等因素直接影响血液中乙醇检测结果。结论为保证交通执法的公正性，对血液中乙醇检测结果应当作法医学分析。     

论侦破贿赂犯罪之有效对策

贿赂犯罪侦破难度大,不采用一定的策略、方法,很难实现打击的目的。笔者结合工作实际,针对当前贿赂犯罪的特点,从八个方面谈侦破这类犯罪的有效对策。     

糖尿病患者血液生化、血细胞分析与中医辨证关系

目的：探讨108例糖尿病及其并发症患血清生化、血细胞分析及血压、胰肾大小与中医辨证关系。方法：对糖尿病患进行中医辨证分型，采用全自动生化分析仪、电解质分析仪和血细胞分析仪测定生化、电解质、血细胞等指标。结果：气阴两虚型和阴阳两虚型糖尿病患，血浆总蛋白、白蛋白较正常对照组显性降低（P＜0．01），而胆固醇无显性差异（P＞0．05），血糖明显升高（P＜0．01）；血清钙离子较对照组显性下降（P＜0．01）。阴阳两虚型糖尿病患血压、胰头、肾脏较正常对照组有明显差异（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）；红细胞、红细胞比容、平均红细胞体积均较正常对照组显性下降（P＜0．01），平均血红蛋白含量及平均血红蛋白浓度较正常对照组增高（P＜0．01）。结论：阴阳两虚型糖尿病患存在糖、脂肪和蛋白质三大物质代谢紊乱，钙离子代谢紊乱，及其血压、胰头、肾脏大小及血细胞明显变化，有助于中医辨证客观化。