“首次不罚”制度的法理思考——兼谈行政执法方式的完善

“首次不罚”制度得以合理存在的界域主要是制度实施的必要性与目的设定方面,其实质是将法律赋予执法主体的自由裁量权主动降低为零,但制度本身设计存在很大的不确定性,降低了执法主体的权威性,打破了法律上的平衡,并存在逆向选择的危险,其预期效果并不理想。只有在行政执法工作中坚持执法的原则性,讲究执法的艺术性,增加执法的服务性,方能达致“首次不罚”制度必要性与可行性的有机结合,实现制度设计的初衷。     

探究行政自由裁量权

行政自由裁量权是行政权力中的重要组成部分。从法律层面和行政职权内容层面看,行政自由裁量权都有其存在的必然性,但它的合理存在并不表示这种权力能够被合理的运用。对行政自由裁量权应进行必要的控制和驯服,最佳手段是合理性控制。行政合理性控制的核心内容是通过立法规范、司法审查、提高行政机关工作人员的职业素质来规范行政权的行使。     

法院、检察院全面换装“2004式”警车的正当性问题探析

警车是警察身份和权力的象征，法院、检察院全面换装带有强烈警察色彩的“2004式”警车，不仅不具有法理上的正当性，而且极易产生一些误导和误识。从法治必须坚持形式理性与实质理性高度统一的观点来看，法院、检察院公务用车的外观设计必须以能体现各自的权力性质和职能特点为基本原则，不能简单地采取“拿来主义”。     

Speaking the truth

Suspicion regarding the notion of truth is a characteristic feature of much contemporary thought. Often this suspicion is based in a view that takes truth to be a notion associated with a discredited view of knowledge or with an oppressive and exclusionary politics. That the very possibility of knowledge, and so of our access to the truth, can be put in question and that truth itself always operates within a political dimension are not, of course, claims that can be denied. Nor can it be denied that knowledge, truth and power are closely tied together. But these considerations should prompt us to a reappraisal of the notion of truth that sees it as more, not less, significant. This paper is an attempt to begin such a reappraisal and to attend, not merely to the truth. Speaking the truth is not something the successful achievement of which can, in every case, be guaranteed in advance; yet neither is it something that we can abandon or ignore.     

From calculation to alienation: disentangling economic abstractions

This article uses a debate between Michel Callon and Daniel Miller to explore tensions within economic sociology and anthropology.The tension is between characterizations of markets and economic rationality that seem to dissolve them into a generalized notion of culture and those which seem to abstract them as specific social forms. The paper argues that markets are best defined in terms of a form of transaction rather than a specific mode of calculation: market transactions involve the alienation of goods in the form of property. Such transactions require the kinds of socio-technical apparatuses that Callon describes, in order to establish both alienability and its limits; on the other hand, and drawing on Callon's own concepts of framing and overflowing, such transactions allow for more diverse, ambiguous and contradictory forms of calculation than Callon seems to allow. The latter point is developed particularly in relation to cultural calculation, typified by marketing and advertising.     

缘何不是法律方法——原本法学的探源

中国法学界对在汉语中到底是使用“法学方法”还是“法律方法”存在着争议。之所以会产生这种争议是因为人们对德国法学中“法学方法论”一词中的“法学”的蕴涵不太清楚。德语的“法学方法论”中的“法学”有特定的内涵和意义,而不是中国法学界所普遍理解的法学。前者是由西方法律文明的创造者——古罗马人所创立的一门独立的科学或实践智慧,是西方两千多年法律文明中绵延不绝的伟大传统。这种传统意义的法学称为原本法学。相对于原本法学来说,现在所谓的其他法学学科如法社会学、法经济学、法史学、甚至法哲学,都是一种交叉或边缘学科。在这种意义下,在汉语中还是使用“法学方法”一词较为合理。     

试析我国当代社会合理性消费方式的建构

目前，我国消费结构正处于转型期，学界也无法从一个统一的意义上来描述它的特征，由于地区差异及城乡差异的存在，因此，建构一个符合国情的、合理的消费方式是历史的必然。文章阐述了循环式消费观念与节约型消费方式的建构模式，提出社会作为有机整体，应建立合理性消费的社会运行机制，以达到促进社会的良性运行和协调发展的目的。     

Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions,Opposite Political Goals,Distinct Results

Uruguay, defining itself as the “Switzerland of Latin America”, took the Swiss model (collegial executives and direct democracy) as an example when building its own political institutions. Despite the similarities of these institutions, the results were quite different due to the different context. The comparison between the institutions in these two isolated countries highlights the ways in which the same institutions may produce different results and evolve in distinctive ways. This is important to recognize as foreign models and experiences continue to inspire policies. Contrary to common arguments presented in the literature, even in such a “most likely case”, institutions cannot simply be copied. Institutional effects are context‐dependent and we need to pay attention to this interaction. This article provides new evidence showing that universalist institutional arguments can be misleading.     

自杀性恐怖主义的内在逻辑

自杀性恐怖主义发端于20世纪80年代的中东地区。有鉴于它的巨大成功与震撼作用,很快就风靡整个中东地区及其他国家。宗教冲突是自杀性恐怖主义背后隐藏的主要驱动力。表面上看,自杀性恐怖袭击是非理性的产物,但这种非理性的行径却有着内在的理性逻辑。从自杀性恐怖袭击的时机、目标、手段等诸要素分析,自杀性恐怖主义是有组织的、精心策划的战略举措。个体自杀者在恐怖组织的灌输、宗教殉教、民族解放等框架话语的驱使下,不知不觉中成为恐怖组织利用的殉葬品。应从宏观、中观、微观三个视角综合分析自杀性恐怖主义。只有加强文明间或文明内部的对话,才是化解自杀性恐怖主义的有效途径。     

Theory building: the debate between modernist and interpretive social science in the pursuit of democratic governance

Bevir’s Democratic Governance advances a new theory of governance. The theory rejects reliance on bureaucracy, market and community on the one hand, and strives to embrace a participatory and deliberative rationality to achieve democratic governance on the other. The fundamental question remains: in what ways can his theory ease the tension and bridge the gap between democracy and bureaucracy? If readers are interested in the development of a more coherent theory on public administration or prefer a more balanced perspective in the study of democratic governance, this book serves as a good start, though it may not be able to give you the ultimate answer.