Destruction of intracerebrally applied red blood cells in cervical lymph nodes. Experimental investigations

In rabbits, intracerebrally applied erythrocytes can move with the cerebrospinal fluid along connecting pathways between the subarachnoid space and the cervical lymph nodes. This study compares the time dependency for the degradation of intracerebrally injected erythrocytes in the brain as well as in the cervical lymph nodes. Rabbits were killed at various predetermined intervals after the intracerebral erythrocyte injection. Microscopic and histologic examination of the brain and the cervical lymph nodes revealed the following findings: (1) Erythrophages first appeared in the brain 24 h after the injection; siderophages, 4 days after the injection. Siderophages were still demonstrable at the conclusion of the study, i.e. 240 days after the injection. (2) In the cervical lymph nodes erythrophages were first observed 1 h after the injection; siderophages, 9 h after the injection. Only isolated erythrophages and siderophages were found in the lymph nodes 12 days after intracerebral injection of red blood cells. Later on no erythrocytes or siderophages were observed in the lymph nodes. The findings indicate that non-phagocytized red blood cells arriving at the lymph nodes were ingested by local macrophages. The extremely rapid ingestion and digestion of the red blood cells by lymph node macrophages as well as the possible reasons were discussed.     

A 21st Century Developmentally Appropriate Juvenile Probation Approach

Principles of adolescent development have accelerated positive changes to the juvenile justice system. These changes have been most pronounced in reducing reliance on incarceration and in approaches to sentencing of youth tried as adults. While juvenile probation has made some developmentally friendly adjustments, it remains an area that is fertile for reform. Many of the principles and goals in this paper have been endorsed by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ), which “supports and is committed to juvenile probation systems that conform to the latest knowledge of adolescent development and adolescent brain science,” and which “recommends that courts cease imposing ‘conditions of probation’ and instead support probation departments’ developing, with families and youth, individualized case plans that set expectations and goals.” 1 NCJFCJ's July, 2017 resolution in support of developmentally appropriate juvenile probation services built on earlier NCJFCJ policies. From the time NCJFCJ adopted Juvenile Delinquency Guidelines in 2005, those policies have grown increasingly robust. 2     

Female juvenile murderers: Biological and psychological dynamics leading to homicide

The increasing involvement of girls under 18 in violent crime has been a matter of growing concern in the United States in recent years. This article reviews the arrests of female juveniles for violent crime and then focuses specifically on their involvement in homicide. Arrests of girls for murder, unlike arrests for assault, have not risen over the last 30 years, suggesting that the dynamics that propel female juveniles to engage in lethal violence differ from those contributing to assaultive behavior by this same group. A review of the literature indicates that theories as to why female adolescents kill do not take into account recent scientific findings on brain development and the biological effects of early trauma in explaining serious violent behavior by girls. Three cases, evaluated by the authors, involving female adolescents charged with murder or attempted murder, are presented. The authors focus on the biological and psychological dynamics that help explain their violent behavior. They discuss the effects of insecure attachment and child maltreatment, and trace a critical pathway between these early experiences and future risk of violent behavior. The dynamics of child maltreatment in fostering rage and violence are discussed thereafter in terms of offender accountability. The article concludes with a discussion of treatment and recommendations for future research.     

Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives

In the study of aggression, psychopathy represents a disorder that is of particular interest because it often involves aggression which is premeditated, emotionless, and instrumental in nature; this is especially true for more serious types of offenses. Such instrumental aggression is aimed at achieving a goal (e.g., to obtain resources such as money, or to gain status). Unlike the primarily reactive aggression observed in other disorders, psychopaths appear to engage in aggressive acts for the purpose of benefiting themselves. This is especially interesting in light of arguments that psychopathy may represent an alternative life-history strategy that is evolutionarily adaptive; behaviors such as aggression, risk-taking, manipulation, and promiscuous sexual behavior observed in psychopathy may be means by which psychopaths gain advantage over others. Recent neurobiological research supports the idea that abnormalities in brain regions key to emotion and morality may allow psychopaths to pursue such a strategy—psychopaths may not experience the social emotions such as empathy, guilt, and remorse that typically discourage instrumentally aggressive acts, and may even experience pleasure when committing these acts. Findings from brain imaging studies of psychopaths may have important implications for the law.     

道路交通伤患者的智力和记忆研究

目的　研究道路交通伤对患者的智力和记忆的影响。　方法　采用韦氏成人智力量表中国版(WAIS -RC)和韦氏记忆测验量表 (WMS)对 178例患者进行研究。　结果　发现 178例患者的平均智商为71.8± 17.8。言语智商 78.3大于操作智商 67.9(t=13 ,p <0 .0 0 1)。 3 4 .8%的患者智商低于正常 ,4 5 .5 %处于边缘状态。患者的平均记忆商为 5 7.9± 11.7。 5 9.6%的记忆商低于 5 1,84 .3 %的患者记忆商低于正常。　结论　伴有颅脑损伤的道路交通伤患者多有程度不同的智力和记忆损害。     

电针对大鼠脑缺血致胃粘膜损伤的保护作用

建立大鼠脑缺血１ｈ后所致胃粘膜损伤模型,通过测定大鼠组织血流量、胃粘膜血流量、胃粘膜损伤指数,血液、胃粘膜和脑组织中一氧化氮含量,研究 对大鼠脑缺血后胃粘膜损伤的保护作用。     

川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

探讨川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：采用大鼠双侧颈总动脉闭塞的不完全性脑缺血再灌注模型,测定血浆中一氧化氮及中分子物质总量和脑组织中丙二醛含量变化。结果：川芎嗪显增加缺血大鼠血浆中ＮＯ含量,降低ＭＭＳ总量和组织中ＭＤＡ的含量,以及降低血比粘度。     

头部受力后导致脑肿胀并发TNH的相互关系

目的探讨头部受力后导致脑肿胀并发TNH的相互关系。方法采用福尔马林固定的91例大脑标本,根据脑的损伤特点分三组分别作冠、矢及水平状切面,肉眼观察。结果发现脑损伤致脑肿胀后产生的TNH有三种类型,即前位疝65例(71.4％),后位疝5例(5.5％),及单、双侧全疝21例(23.1％)。其中16例全疝仍见以前位疝最显著。结论头部受力后易在额颞部发生前位疝。TNH虽与受力部位、受力机制有一定关系,但仍与受力强度、伤后存活时间关系密切。     

预防高校速滑课的运动损伤探析

速滑是北方各高校冬季体育课教学的主要内容,在高校速滑课教学中,非常容易发生运动损伤,而且参与人数较多,教学中意外损伤的发生也相应增加.由于速滑课出现的运动损伤较多,致使部分学生产生惧怕心理,直接影响冬季体育教学任务的完成,通过大量文献资料的整理、综合及分析,并针对高校的学生进行调查研究,总结出比较全面的容易造成运动损伤的原因,并提出一系列相应的预防措施,提高参加速滑课学生的保护意识,把速滑课的运动损伤率降到最低限度,从而提高高校速滑课教学的高效性.     

大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理研究

目的　探讨脑干损伤早期延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。方法　将实验大鼠分为创伤组和对照组,透射电镜观察大鼠机械性脑干损伤早期（１０ｍｉｎ,０ ．５ｈ,１ｈ ,３ｈ） 延脑网状结构的超微病理变化。结果　脑干损伤１０ｍｉｎ 即可见神经微丝（ｎｅｕｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ, ＮＦ） 排列紊乱、疏密不均,ＮＦ 臂的缺失,髓鞘层面分离,轴膜内皱,与髓鞘间形成空隙,微血管周围基质密度降低以及线粒体肿胀等超微病变。脑干伤后存活时间延长,上述病变更为显著。本文就上述超微病变的形成机制及病理学意义进行了探讨。结论　脑干机械性损伤能够明显引起延脑网状结构的超微病理学变化,并增加个体快速死亡和免疫组化染色的易感性