大鼠脑损伤分级自由落体打击模型的建立

目的建立一个控制性与重复性好,并可分级的脑损伤动物模型。方法根据自由落体原理,使击锤从不同的高度下落,造成轻、中、重不同程度的大鼠脑损伤,肉眼、光镜观察损伤的程度。结果肉眼、光镜观察下出现可分级的病理学改变。轻度损伤组病理改变局限于大鼠大脑皮质浅层,中度损伤组病理改变可见于大脑皮质及深部白质内的基底核、海马、胼胝体、丘脑,重度损伤组病理改变除中度损伤累及部位外,还累及脑干。挫伤灶周围神经元变性、坏死范围和程度随损伤程度的加重而增大。各组内每只动物所受损伤程度一致。结论该模型制作出常见的闭合性颅脑加速伤损伤,致伤程度较一致,重复性好,可分级,是脑损伤实验研究较合适的动物模型。     

Feasibility of Contactless 3D Optical Measurement for the Analysis of Bone and Soft Tissue Lesions: New Technologies and Perspectives in Forensic Sciences

Abstract:  In forensic pathology and anthropology, a correct analysis of lesions on soft tissues and bones is of the utmost importance, in order to verify the cause and manner of death. Photographs, videos, and photogrammetry may be an optimal manner of immortalizing a lesion, both on cadavers and skeletal remains; however, none of these can supply a detailed three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the lesion. Up to now, only the use of casts has given us the possibility of studying deep lesions such as saw marks with an accurate and complete 3D reconstruction of bone structure. The present study aims at verifying the applicability of 3D optical contactless measurement for the accurate recording of soft tissue and bone lesions, in order to develop a unique and precise method of registering and analyzing lesions, both in forensic pathology and anthropology. Three cases were analyzed: the first, a car accident with blunt force skin injuries; the second, a murder with blunt force injury to the head applied with a metal rod; the third, a series of sharp force knife and saw lesions on bone. Results confirm that 3D optical digitizing technology is a crucial tool in the immortalization of wound morphology in the medico-legal context even on "difficult" substrates such as cut marks and saw marks on bone.     

Open Borders and the Right to Immigration

I do not argue for or against substantive immigration policies in this paper. Rather, my thesis concerns what kinds of reasons are morally salient in the construction of just immigration policies. I argue that philosophical proposals for regulating immigration should be evaluated according to the following methodological principle: The unit of analysis in terms of which principles for regulating immigration must be evaluated is the socially situated individual. I defend this principle indirectly by applying it to cosmopolitan principles for regulating immigration in order to demonstrate the moral inadequacy of theories of immigration that adopt an inappropriate unit of analysis. Failure to evaluate the moral adequacy of their own substantive proposals in terms of their effects on socially situated individuals leads some cosmopolitans to endorse substantive recommendations for regulating immigration (namely, open borders) that, I argue, disproportionately burden members of institutionally disadvantaged groups.

针刺持续时间及刺激方案对针刺脑功能成像的影响

目的 利用BOLD-fMRI技术,在保持其他影响因素不变的情况下研究针刺持续时间及针刺刺激方案对脑功能成像激活区定位的影响。方法 选取健康志愿者40例,平均分为2组,为持续时间组及刺激方案组,第1组采用相同的针刺刺激方案（改良组块设计）进行3轮（R1、R2、R3）功能像数据采集,第2组采用3种不同的针刺刺激方案（包括典型组块、改良组块设计及事件相关设计）进行3轮功能像采集,两组数据均采用相同的MR扫描参数,用AFNI软件进行数据处理,用Monte Carlo阈值校正方法确定脑功能激活区,得出每组的组内分析结果及组内不同轮次比较的结果。 结果 持续时间组及刺激方案组的组内fMRI信号存在明显差异。组内不同轮次fMRI信号比较也均存在显著差异的脑区,两组的R2与R1相比均存在fMRI信号减低区域,但刺激方案组的R3与R1相比存在广泛的fMRI信号减低区域,持续时间组的R3与R1相比存在fMRI信号增高区域。 结论 针刺持续时间及刺激方案均会对脑功能成像的激活区定位产生影响。     

复方真武冲剂治疗慢性心力衰竭30例

目的 观察复方真武冲剂治疗慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure, CHF）的临床疗效。方法 将60例CHF患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组予以西医基础治疗,观察组在其基础上予以复方真武冲剂口服,1个月为1个疗程,共治疗3个月。观察并比较两组临床疗效,以及治疗前后中医证候积分、血浆脑利钠肽（brain natriuretic peptide, BNP)水平和左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF）。结果 与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后中医证候积分和血浆BNP水平显著降低（P<0.05）,LVEF水平均显著升高（P<0.05）;观察组在降低中医证候积分、血浆BNP水平和升高LVEF方面均明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;两组临床疗效比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组临床疗效明显优于对照组。结论 在西医治疗基础上合用复方真武冲剂可提高CHF的临床疗效。     

桃红四物汤对脑微血管内皮细胞-PC12细胞共培养体系缺糖缺氧再灌注损伤模型的保护作用

目的 观察桃红四物汤对脑微血管内皮细胞-PC12细胞共培养体系缺糖缺氧再灌注损伤模型的保护作用。方法 采用氧-葡萄糖剥夺再恢复的方法诱导脑微血管内皮细胞（brain microvascular endothelial cells, BMECs）和PC12细胞共培养体系的缺糖缺氧再灌注损伤模型,并通过流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性,采用Western Blot法检测Bcl-2、Bax和缺氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）的表达水平。结果 桃红四物汤促进PC12细胞的活力,抑制细胞凋亡和ROS的产生,抑制MDA的活性,增强SOD和GSH-Px的活性,上调HIF-1α和Bcl-2的表达并下调Bax的表达。结论 桃红四物汤对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用可能与抗氧化作用有关。     

脑组织与其相关分析推断死亡时间的研究进展

推断死后间隔时间(postmortem interval,PMI)一直是法医学鉴定中需要解决的重要问题之一.可用于推断PMI的尸体检材有很多种,脑组织因其独特的解剖学位置与生理功能,是推断PMI的重要检材之一.本文从三个方面将根据脑组织推断PMI的方法进行综述,包括了通过脑组织的温度、形态特点等尸体现象推断PMI;通过...     

An unusual blunt force trauma pattern and mechanism to the cranial vault: Investigation of an atypical infant homicide

This case report presents an unusual fracture pattern in the cranium of a four-month-old infant indicative of child abuse. Upon postmortem examination, the infant presented with numerous bilateral linear cranial fractures running perpendicular to the sagittal suture with depressed and curvilinear fractures apparent on the supra-auricular surfaces of the cranium. Histological evidence indicates multiple traumatic events to the cranium. In addition, the stair-step pattern of a parietal fracture may represent multiple contiguous fractures from repeated loading of the head at different times with variation of the focal points of compressive force. Additionally, the left humerus, left radius, and left ulna have healing metaphyseal fractures, and the left ulna also has an antemortem diaphyseal fracture which resulted in the distal metaphysis being rotated 45 degrees medially. Integration of autopsy, anthropological, and neuropathological reports for this case suggest multiple inflicted injury episodes with a repeated atypical mechanism(s) to the cranial vault of the infant. During investigative interviews, the caretaker admitted to squeezing the infant's head and neck on multiple occasions to quiet the child. This reported abusive mechanism is consistent with the pattern of symmetric cranial fractures and soft tissue injuries indicating asphyxiation. This case report provides forensic investigators with a potential trauma mechanism to explore in cases when a similar pattern of cranial trauma is observed and highlights the need for greater research on fracture propagation and fracture healing in the infant cranium.     

Distribution of drugs of abuse within specific regions of the human brain

Since concentration of drugs of abuse found in the brain better reflect drug concentration at their site of action, brain specimens are useful in the determination of the role of drugs of abuse in the cause of death. In order to allow for the routine use of brain specimens in this field, a comprehensive database with reliable reference values is needed and should include both post-mortem data for cases where drugs have been taken in therapeutic doses as well as for cases of overdose. In this study, a semi-automated extraction procedure, in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) using stable isotope internal standards was applied to yield reproducible, quantitative results which could be used to investigate the distribution patterns of drugs of abuse within specific regions of the brain, by analyzing several segments of both medulla oblongata and cerebellum. A homogenous distribution of unconjugated morphine, dihydrocodeine, and benzoylecgonine within the investigated segments of medulla oblongata or cerebellum could be found. However, when these two brain regions from the same case were compared to each other, significantly higher concentrations of unconjugated morphine, dihydrocodeine, and benzoylecgonine were found in the cerebellum than in the medulla oblongata.