组织进化视野下对企业刑事归责模式的反思

我国传统企业刑事归责模式的典型特征在于:一方面,其包含了企业和企业成员两个主体的归责,另一方面,企业归责适用的是以特定企业内个人犯罪行为为处罚根据的同一视原则。虽然该模式与我国早期单一科层制企业形态相适应,但随着组织形态的进化,企业规模扩大,内部权力去中心化以及组织结构复杂化,企业犯罪出现了不同于我国早期企业形态下新的特征。为此,传统企业归责模式不仅难以公正地对企业及其成员进行归责,还会造成组织无责、惩罚效果不理想等一系列不利后果。在法人社会下忽略对企业组织犯罪的控制需求并不现实,法人刑事责任拟制论应当被否定。相反,有必要构建与企业成员归责路径相分离的、以企业自身过错为处罚依据的组织责任模式。应当依据功能对等原则对组织责任模式进行构建,维持刑法体系的逻辑严谨性,并遵守刑法的罪责原则。     

官僚制在中国行政组织中的缺失与发展展望

20世纪80年代以来,官僚制在西方遭到了前所未有的批评,而中国的官僚制发展则明显不足,低效、缺乏理性的官僚主义却日渐盛行。官僚制的核心精神符合中国特殊的行政环境,而中国行政改革目标的实质也与官僚制具有一致性,因而,在中国应加强官僚化的力度,要吸取理性官僚制的精华,借鉴新公共管理运动的经验,加快社会主义民主建设,输入新的行政理念。     

Violence,bureaucracy and intreccio in Brazil

ABSTRACT

For Brazil’s ‘violence worker’ street-level bureaucrats, violence is woven into everyday practice. But violent influence flows in multiple directions; from the state to society, within the state and its agencies, from violent actors upon state bureaucrats. Real and potential violence defines the bureaucratic regime of truth, alongside the influence of a self-defined organised crime group. Using ethnographic evidence, I show some of the fissures that are wedged open through violence, and demonstrate the ways that violent uncertainty shapes a need for leverage and spheres of trust. This shows the dissonance between bureaucratic form and bureaucratic rationale, where other violence workers – ontological bureaucrats – have become an everyday part of bureaucratic rationale. What matters is not the relationship between the state and bureaucracy, but the relationship between sovereign power and bureaucracy.     

政党整合下的官僚制行政——当代中国公共行政的组织行为分析

当代中国公共行政的基本模式是在中国共产党的领导下由官僚机构实行国家管理的结构.党是国家管理的核心.因此,党的组织行为方式明显地影响了官僚制行政的方式,具体来说使得公共行政表现为三方面的特征公共行政的政治化、意识形态色彩和人格化.这些特征在一定程度上造成了公共行政的失范和无序,党必须严格规范其行为,才能够保证官僚体系程序化、理性化和公正化的实施管理.     

论官僚的经济人性质、危害及其治理——公共选择理论的官僚经济理论述评

公共选择理论在分析政治市场中官僚的行为动机时,引入了经济学中的"经济人"假设,并以此为基础,对官僚的经济人性质及其危害和治理进行了系统的剖析,从而形成了颇具特色的官僚经济理论.这一理论撕开了传统政治理论覆盖在政府官员身上的理想化面纱,触及了官僚关注自身利益的本质动机,有助于理性地认识政府机构及其工作人员.但是,公共选择理论用"追求个人利益最大化"的经济人倾向来解释官僚在政治过程中的一切行为,则存在明显的局限性.     

西方官僚经济理论综述

官僚经济理论是西方公共选择学派的一个重要组成部分,它对公共物品的供给与需求给予同等的重视,使公共选择理论更为完整。官僚经济理论有其自身的发展阶段,是个不断修正与完善的过程,对官僚机构长期存在的无效率及机构不断膨胀等内在问题进行了新的理论视角分析。     

Theory building: the debate between modernist and interpretive social science in the pursuit of democratic governance

Bevir’s Democratic Governance advances a new theory of governance. The theory rejects reliance on bureaucracy, market and community on the one hand, and strives to embrace a participatory and deliberative rationality to achieve democratic governance on the other. The fundamental question remains: in what ways can his theory ease the tension and bridge the gap between democracy and bureaucracy? If readers are interested in the development of a more coherent theory on public administration or prefer a more balanced perspective in the study of democratic governance, this book serves as a good start, though it may not be able to give you the ultimate answer.     

Some Enchanted Bureaucracy

With group psychology and business management hand in hand, a major cultural imperative is to strengthen the intensity and intimacy of corporate human resources programs. Stressing an ethic of authentic individuality, the human resources industry seeks to leverage the competitive spirit into a rationale for the collaborative spirit. In so doing, it reflects a profound change in the meaning of vocation. Bureaucracies must compete for the commitment of authenticity-seeking individuals with a freewheeling leisure market that rewards work with social entertainment experiences. The business environment must redefine itself as a social activity center that mirrors rewards available outside the workplace, blurring the lines between work and play and self and other. By elevating teamwork to social instinct as the mode of production, human resources practices contribute to a deepening recognition that bureaucracy must be re-enchanted in order to survive amid the same ethic of individuality that powers contemporary market capitalism.

农村基层治理:科层制抑或反科层化?——基于桂南Q市“联镇包村”制度运作的调研分析

农村基层治理是国家治理体系的重要组成部分,也是各级政府提升社会治理能力的重要抓手。以“包发展、包党建、包稳定”为主导的联镇包村制度是地方政府回应国家加强农村基层治理的一项制度安排,在制度运行中显现出如下特点:组织高层依赖权威治理,化解政策执行阻力;委派单位依赖代理治理,缓和基层社会矛盾;驻村干部依赖指标治理,提高主体责任意识的科层制路径依赖特性。在压力型体制下,不同行动者的行动逻辑显现出差异化:组织高层由“权威动员”向“参与互动”转变;委派单位由“分利失序”向“合作共治”转变;驻村干部由“被动回应”向“主动服务”转变。这种反科层化的运作方式推动联镇包村制度运行,以此提升基层自治组织的治理能力,进而推动农村基层走向“善治”。     

刍议第三方政策评估对我国的启示

在21世纪的今天,我们应按照构建和谐社会的要求,加大政策评估的力度,要从传统的“统治行政”和近代的“管理行政”评估,发展到当代的“服务行政”评估,要体现行政管理向公共性的回归,使公共性和公共精神成为公共行政的本质特征和核心价值取向。使每项政策的合理性、有效性、回应性等价值取向都有一个合理的评判。这就急需政策外的第三方进行的外部评估。