计算机网络犯罪及心理剖析

计算机网络犯罪对人类社会的危害性越来越巨大。网络所特有的普遍性、虚拟性、开放性等特征,使计算机网络犯罪所涉及的大要案多,隐蔽性强,目标多。对于该类犯罪心理因素的分析、了解,是防范、打击此类案件的一个重要突破口,有助于采取正确对策,使计算机网络犯罪得到有效控制。     

The traders of Central Bazaar,Astana: motivation and networks

ABSTRACT

Trading in Astana’s Central Bazaar rests on mutually beneficial people-to-people contacts, or personal networks. Twenty-five years after the Soviet collapse, personal networks are pivotal in whether one succeeds in an informal market economy. I argue that networks cannot be disassociated from trader motivation, which serves as a measure of how these networks evolve over time. I describe how those traders who were driven primarily by lifting themselves out of economic precarity tended to build strong social networks; these strong social networks sometimes evolved into ‘unconditional’ social networks, by which I mean a trader supporting others even though doing so has no commercial benefit. At the other extreme were traders driven by ambition and goal attainment. I argue that such traders are less likely to establish and maintain social networks. Between these two extremes is a middle ground, where traders alternate between strong and weak social networks.     

Political Science and Prediction: What's Next for U.S. Climate Change Policy?

This article analyzes how U.S. climate change politics and policy making are changing in the public, private and civil society sectors, and how such changes are likely to influence U.S. federal policies. It outlines the current status of U.S. climate change action and explores four overlapping pathways of policy change: (1) the strategic demonstration of the feasibility of climate change action; (2) the creation and expansion of markets; (3) policy diffusion and learning; and (4) the creation and promulgation of norms about the need for more aggressive climate change action. These four pathways seek to fruitfully draw from rationalist and constructivist approaches to policy analysis, without collapsing or confusing the different logics. Building on this analysis, it predicts that future federal U.S. climate policy will include six major components: (1) A national cap on GHG emissions; (2) A national market based cap‐and‐trade GHG emissions trading scheme; (3) Mandatory renewable energy portfolio standards; (4) Increased national product standards for energy efficiency; (5) Increased vehicle fleet energy efficiency standards; and (6) Increased federal incentives for research and development on energy efficiency issues and renewable energy development. In addition, expanding federal climate policy may bring about significant changes in U.S. foreign policy as U.S. international re‐engagement on climate change is likely to occur only after the development of more significant federal policy.     

IoT forensics: Exploiting unexplored log records from the HIKVISION file system

CCTV surveillance systems are IoT products that can be found almost everywhere. Their digital forensic analysis often plays a key role in solving crimes. However, it is common for these devices to use proprietary file systems, which frequently hinders a complete examination. HIKVISION is a well-known manufacturer of such devices that typically ships its products with its proprietary file system. The HIKVISION file system has been analyzed before but that research has focused on the recovery of video footage. In this paper, the HIKVISION file system is being revisited regarding the log records it stores. More specifically, these log records are thoroughly examined to uncover both their structure and meaning. These unexplored pieces of evidence remain unexploited by major commercial forensic software, yet they can contain critical information for an investigation. To further assist digital forensic examiners with their analysis, a Python utility, namely the Hikvision Log Analyzer, was developed as part of this study that can automate part of the process.     

Performance of forensic facial comparison by morphological analysis across optimal and suboptimal CCTV settings

Facial comparison is an important yet understudied discipline in forensics. The recommended method for facial comparison in a forensic setting involves morphological analysis (MA) with the use of a facial feature list. The performance of this approach has not been tested across various closed-circuit television (CCTV) conditions. This is of particular concern as video and image data available to law enforcement is often varied and of subpar conditions. The present study aimed at testing MA across two types of CCTV data, representing ideal and less than ideal settings, also assessing which particular shortcomings arose from less-than-ideal settings. The study was conducted on a subset of the Wits Face Database arranged in a total of 225 face pools. Each face pool consisted of a target image obtained from either a high-definition digital CCTV camera or a low-definition analogue CCTV camera in monochrome, contrasted to 10 possible matches. The face pools were analysed and scored using MA and confusion matrices were used to analyse the outcomes. A notably high chance corrected accuracy (CCA) (97.3%) and reliability (0.969) was identified across the digital CCTV sample, while in the analogue CCTV sample MA appeared to underperform both in accuracy (CCA: 33.1%) and reliability (0.529). The majority of the errors in scoring resulted in false negatives in the analogue sample (75.2%), while across both CCTV conditions false positives were low (digital: 0.3%; analogue: 1.2%). Even though hit rates appeared deceptively high in the analogue sample, the various measures of performance used and particularly the chance corrected accuracy highlighted its shortfalls. Overall, CCTV recording quality appears closely associated to MA performance, despite the favourable error rates when using the Facial Identification Scientific Working Group feature list.     

Governance through global networks and corporate signaling

This article exposes a new form of global governance based on an emergent network of corporate social responsibility (CSR) schemes. Our study is the first to uncover the network structure of this system, based on a dataset that includes 61 transnational CSR schemes and 31,987 firms. We demonstrate that the network exhibits a significant level of cohesiveness, despite having evolved without any form of hierarchical control. Drawing on a social network analysis, we find a positive correlation among the sustainability performance of the firms, their membership in CSR schemes, and their network characteristics. We show that membership in multiple schemes and the firms’ position in the CSR‐schemes network constitute credible predictors of their sustainability performance, generating a separating equilibrium that distinguishes high from low CSR performers. We develop a model that explains the effectiveness of the CSR‐schemes network based on the synergistic properties of the network and on a distinctive signaling dynamic. Our findings highlight the potential contribution of CSR to the resolution of global governance dilemmas.     

Citizen acceptance of police interventions: an example of CCTV surveillance in Las Vegas,Nevada

Efforts to install crime cameras in public are sometimes met with resistance from segments of the community who raise concerns over personal privacy. Drawing on an example from Las Vegas, NV, this paper explores community acceptance of CCTV cameras placed in a high-crime public location. In doing so, the paper applies a theoretical model that describes the mechanism by which private citizens accept interventions developed by police or other security officials. The paper analyzes specific privacy concerns raised by camera opponents and classifies the methods that police used to address those concerns and gain community support.     

Aging in rural areas of Spain: the influence of demography on care strategies

In the rural areas of Spain the aging population trend is particularly acute, and these regions are also characterized by high sex ratios. These are the demographic consequences of an intense rural exodus that started in 1950. This paper addresses the strategies that families from these areas have put in place to guarantee care for the elderly in these limited demographic contexts. It quantifies the demographic change from 1910 to 2010 and analyzes current mechanisms for organizing social care. The methodology includes semi-structured interviews and secondary information obtained from censuses. The results show the emergence of new care strategies, the diversification of social agents involved in care, and the transformation of traditional gender relations. All these changes are conceptualized as social adaptation strategies that increase resilience in rural areas.     

The Venture Capital Perspective on Collaboration with Large Corporations/MNEs in London and the South East: Pursuing Extra‐Regional Knowledge and the Shaping of Regional Venture Capital Networks?

A seeming paradox of globalization is that while innovation and the industries and institutions that support it transcend local and national boundaries, high‐tech innovative activity continues to agglomerate in a select number of high‐capacity regions. Research, however, suggests that innovative regions must—through collaborative activity and related networks—both economize regional capacities while remaining open to global knowledge and finance. Collaboration and network formation are viewed as critical in this regard, as the competitive pressures of globalization are forcing firms to adopt collaborative and open innovation practices: forging relationships with external partners. Two important sources of knowledge and finance are regionally concentrated venture capital firms and large corporations, often globe‐straddling multinational enterprises. While collaboration occurs between these two actors, an understanding of the processes and implications has only begun to emerge. Focusing on collaborative venture capital activity in London and the South East, this exploratory paper presents a preliminary understanding as to the role that this particular collaborative activity plays in the pursuit of complementary, extra‐regional knowledge and expertise, and the extent to which this collaboration is recharacterizing the shape of regionally based venture capital networks.