目的正当性审查在比例原则中的定位

目的正当性审查在比例原则适用中的定位需要重新审视。通过对国家发改委“缓降油价决定”在目的与手段关系上的个案考察，比例原则在石油调价风波中的适用，可能遭遇“悖离情境”。这直接关乎“目的正当性”审查在比例原则中的定位。对此，学界和实务界存在从“审查不足”到“审查过度”间的短板交接。比例原则对目的性审查需要秉持克制态度：既作为不可或缺的审查环节，但不能赋予其独立之阶层秩序的地位。可将“预备阶段论”建构作为比例原则目的正当性审查的探索方向。对于“缓降油价决定”的实体性评价，即使以目的正当性审查启动，也应伴随比例原则预备阶段论的适用，截断以“不恰当目的”之相关审查标准。     

美国《病人保护和可负担医疗法》的主要内容及启示

美国《病人保护和可负担医疗法》围绕扩大保险覆盖面、强化公共项目、提升医疗质量和效率、提高项目透明和廉正度、加强医疗服务人力资源建设和合理化资金投入等对美国医疗体系进行了全面而深入的变革。美国＂低成本、全覆盖＂的医疗改革可以为中国提供有益借鉴。     

Woodcock v Cumbria Primary Care Trust: The Objective Justification Test for Age Discrimination

This note discusses the limits to the defence of objective justification when applied to direct age discrimination, specifically with regard to situations where the employer attempts to rely on cost‐saving as a legitimate aim. The author examines the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly the European Court of Justice, ECJ) on which this case relies, and considers whether the defence has been interpreted too widely, opening up the possibility of cost‐saving as a defence to discrimination on the grounds of this particular protected characteristic. The note concludes that, while cost‐saving cannot be the sole justification for less favourable treatment by employers, it may nevertheless form part of an overall legitimate aim when coupled with additional factors.     

浅谈公安督办工作的重要作用和基本要求

公安督办工作本质上就是党委、政府系统的督促检查工作,是党委、政府系统督促检查工作在公安机关的细化和延伸。做好督办工作,是推动公安机关重大决策部署贯彻落实的有力手段;是促进公安机关领导干部作风建设的重要途径;是确保政令警令畅通、维护领导权威的有效保障。开展公安督办工作应目标明确,实事求是;尽职尽责,有查必果;紧扣中心,突出重点;注重实效,确保质量;举一反三,扩大效果。     

知识性资产评估师的注意义务

知识性资产评估师基于执业要求的专业性应承担专家注意义务。同时,由于不同知识性资产,如专利、商标以及专有技术的特点不同,知识性资产评估师接受具体评估业务时应尽的注意义务也不尽相同。当评估师违反注意义务时,其责任可以根据资产评估服务合同的约定或侵权法的规定承担。     

Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence in Caribbean Communities

SUMMARY

A decade after the courts in many English-speaking Caribbean jurisdictions were granted the power to issue restraining orders to victims of domestic violence, battered women have not experienced the full benefits of such policy. Using the experiences of battered women in the English-speaking Caribbean state of Barbados, this study argues that there are significant challenges for victims, caused by cultural, social and economic factors that have not been appropriately addressed by domestic violence legislation. Marginalized by the court and legal system in the English-speaking Caribbean, many battered women seek out alternatives to the legal system for coping with domestic violence. Therefore when they migrate to countries like the United States where more accommodations are made for victims of domestic violence, they are unlikely to engage with the legal system and make their suffering known. Women might also be silenced by fears of violating immigration laws in the United States as well as risking personal loss due to the severe punishment of their partners when indicted by the legal system.     

Is the Care System Failing Children?

Public care is widely perceived to be failing children, and this belief is at the heart of government proposals set out in the Care Matters white paper. This article argues that on the contrary, research tends to find that children's welfare improves while they are in care. The reasons for the negative perception of care are considered and it is argued that care should be seen as a positive option for children in families experiencing severe difficulties and as a form of family support rather than an alternative option. This would move the United Kingdom toward a more European model for the place of care for children in difficult family situations, rather than an American model which focuses on minimizing the use of public care.     

Deportation, Detention & Torture by Proxy: Foreign National Terror Suspects in the UK

In many ways his article confronts the Sociologist C. Wright Mills’s famous injunction on turning private troubles into public issues. However, this is a trickier process than usual as the victims at the centre of these private troubles are not children, women, lesbian, gays, the elderly, or the disabled. The victims here are what Stan Cohen has described as ‘impure victims’, in that they are individuals who are suspected of being ‘involved’ in ‘terrorist’ activities. The private troubles these impure victims are experiencing are the loss of many of the rights most of us enjoy (for example, the right to liberty and the right to a fair trial). The public issue that will be examined here is what étienne Balibar refers to as the reality of the extreme violence of the State in contemporary societies against ‘radically excluded’ individuals. This chapter is an examination of the long and winding road to the Government achieving its over-riding ambition in the war on terror in the UK: the deportation of terror suspects to regimes where (despite diplomatic assurances) torture is inevitable.

“通知-删除”规则的适用局限及出路——以两则新型网络服务提供者案例为切入点

“云服务器”、“小程序”等新型网络服务提供者的出现对版权法中“通知-删除”规则提出了挑战。就法律适用而言,《信息网络传播权保护条例》中的“通知-删除”规则对涉及网络服务提供者版权侵权案件提供了快速解决机制,在适用上具有优先性。从属性上分析,“小程序”属于《条例》所调整的自动接入、传输服务商范畴,而“云服务器”租赁服务不属于《条例》中的四类网络服务,应根据《侵权责任法》第三十六条有关网络服务提供者之规定予以界定。对这两类新型网络服务提供者均无法适用“通知-删除”规则,而应以《侵权责任法》第三十六条下的“通知-必要措施”规则予以调整。“通知-必要措施”规则之适用以注意义务的判定为核心内容。在必要措施的判定上,技术过滤措施是判定新型网络服务提供者是否履行注意义务的重要考量因素。     

Evaluation of Implementation of the Kentucky Court Rules of Procedure and Practice: An Approach to Assessing the Impact of Court Reform Efforts

This article describes a Supreme Court of Kentucky court improvement initiative designed to promote uniformity and improved court practice with an ultimate goal of the improvement of outcomes for children and families through implementation of Family Court Rules of Procedure and Practice. Twelve jurisdictions were purposely selected to exhibit a range of family and non‐family court jurisdictions, rural and middle‐sized locations. This article focuses on the results of court case file review related to indicators of due process and timeliness. Implications for court evaluation and reform activities are discussed.