论侦查启动之随机性——由儿童失踪立案程序转变透视我国侦查启动模式之利弊

我国刑事诉讼法在侦查程序之前设立了立案程序,并将其作为刑事诉讼的启动程序,这使得我国刑事侦查启动被归于典型的程序性启动模式。然而,实践中,立案程序的设计存在着严重的弊端,由此也产生了许多难以解决的问题。现今大多数国家都采用了随机型的侦查启动模式,且随机型侦查启动模式较之程序型启动模式更为科学、合理,更有利于实现刑事诉讼打击犯罪与保障人权的双重目的。可见,在当下,重构我国的侦查启动程序,已成为一个迫切需要我们解决的问题。     

Reduced payer's liability for unauthorized payment transactions under the second Payment Services Directive (PSD2)

In 2015, the European legislator enacted the second Payment Services Directive, which, among other things, determines the payer's liability for unauthorized payment transactions. This paper will show that PSD2 has widened its scope and further reduces the payer's liability for unauthorized transactions, for example by making it impossible to hold the payer liable in case no strong customer authentication has been applied, by requiring supporting evidence to prove the payer's fraud or gross negligence and by applying the same rules when unauthorized transactions are initiated through a payment initiation service.     

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Anno 2013: Reframing The Comparative Method's Seminal Statements

This review article examines the ways in which QCA is being (re)framed by some main authors in the field, in a context of expansion and diversification of this approach and set of techniques. Charles Ragin's seminal The Comparative Method (1987) is first synthetized in the form of eight statements which are then confronted to eight recent book‐length publications: three QCA textbooks and five methodological volumes also touching upon QCA. On the whole, it appears that most statements have been considerably refined, both conceptually and technically, whereas only one statement is not taken on board anymore. In addition, QCA is being reframed and extended in different ways beyond Charles Ragin's initial statements.     

论行政执法检察监督范围、方式与权力边界

在社会转型、法治初创的社情下,由于种种原因,检察机关的行政法律监督较为薄弱,在一定程度上存在法律监督空位和监督不力的状况。这种＂缺位＂现象主要体现在行政执法监督的范围、方式以及权力行使边界等基础的检察监督理论尚未形成统一认识和可行性监督路径。检察机关的行政执法监督的范围应界定为＂具体行政行为的合法性＂。行政执法监督权方式可划分为检察监督侦查权、检察监督诉权、检察监督建议权三类。行政执法监督的权力边界,即行政执法监督权的行使应坚持谦仰原则和＂刑事先理＂原则,形成内外结合的权力制约机制和＂被动申请为主、主动介入为辅＂的权力启动机制。     

藏区刑事案件发案特点、原因及防控对策--以四川省康定县为调查对象

藏区地理环境特殊,经济、文化、教育发展水平相对落后,其刑事犯罪有自身特点。刑事犯罪的防控工作需要因地制宜。以康定县为例,该县刑事犯罪呈现出较强的季节性特点,案件多与虫草相关,家族仇杀等恶性命案以及赌博、拦路抢劫案件多发,各类劳务、劳资纠葛引发的案件逐渐增多。其刑事犯罪案件发生原因主要有犯罪者个体、职能管理部门乃至社会大环境方面存在的弊端。刑事犯罪的防控需要相应地从上述多方面寻求对策。     

Finding the missing and unknown: Novel educational approaches to warming up cold cases

In recent years, students in police academies and higher education institutions around the world have worked together to analyse cold cases including long-term missing persons cases in collaboration with investigators and prosecutors. In 2020, three European organisations, the Police Expert Network on Missing Persons (PEN-MP), AMBER Alert Europe and Locate International, succeeded in connecting these educational organisations enabling them to work collectively on cases and conduct cold case analyses (CCA) across international borders. The International Cold Case Analysis Project (ICCAP) learning objectives were to 1) collect the necessary information about the victim, 2) reconstruct the crime, and 3) investigate trace control.In a learning objective-based evaluation using Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing, 76 participating students from the German and International ICCAP teams were asked to complete a pre- and post-review questionnaire to self-assess their personal competence development. Participants reported significant increases in competence in all evaluated areas, thus demonstrating that authentic and relevant collaborations can enrich the learning environment, promote the use of professional skills, and provide significant knowledge exchange opportunities between academia and industry.Drawing on case studies of cold case missing persons' investigations and unidentified found remains, this article shares how university academics, students and community volunteers can work together nationally and internationally to find out what has happened to missing people and how we can more effectively identify the previously unidentified. In so doing, we share the expertise required to progress these cold cases and provide recommendations to support other institutions and organisations in adopting this innovative approach.     

行政处罚权的相对集中:现实的范围及追问

集中行使行政处罚权的范围,用了"相对集中"表述。如何理解"相对"?要明确和确定哪些行政处罚权需要集中,就必须进一步完善行政处罚权集中的范围和调整配置制度。目前,各地对行政处罚权进行了调整和配置,在城市管理领域和文化等领域集中了有关行政处罚权,并形成了不同的模式。行政处罚权的集中范围和调整配置制度基本符合实际需要,有助于提高行政执法的质量和水平,深化行政管理体制改革。当然,这一制度尚存在一些问题。     

掠夺性定价的经济学及法律分析——美国和欧盟的经验与趋势

掠夺性定价一般表现为企业为排挤、制约竞争对手或阻碍竞争对手进入市场而在相当长的一段时期内故意将价格设置于其成本之下。其目的是为将竞争对手逐出市场并随后设定高于竞争水平的价格,以收回前期降价的损失。《中华人民共和国反垄断法》以及其他相关的法律法规都包含了禁止掠夺性定价的规定。然而,对于掠夺性定价中的一些具体问题还没有相应的法制规章提供指引和解读,再加上此类案件法院判决的先例在中国现阶段还属少见,因此,本文将详细讲解近年来美国和欧盟的经济学家、反垄断机构以及法院对此类经典案件(如Wanadoo案等)的审理分析经验与趋势,以供借鉴。     

对制定《出入境边防检查法》的几点思考

当前,《出入境边防检查条例》已不能完全适应依法治国方略和新形势下边检工作要求,亟待上台一部《出入境边防检查法》。《边检法》应全面规范边防检查工作,并对边防检查机关的法律地位、执法权限、担负的任务及体制等问题以法律的形式予以明确规定。     

缔约过失责任探析

本文从缔约过失责任的创立入手,探讨了缔约过失责任的法律基础,认为诚实信用原则是其合理存在的根基。同时,着重分析了缔约过失责任的构成要件及与相关责任的区别,并就其适用范围进行了论述。