In Search of Co‐variance,Causal Mechanisms or Congruence? Towards a Plural Understanding of Case Studies

Methodological reflections about case study research have increased within recent years. According to our account, there are three distinct approaches to case studies: co‐variational, causal process tracing, and congruence analysis. The main goals of this article are to lay out the distinct ways in which causal inferences are drawn for the cases under study and to scrutinize the different understandings and directions of generalization within these three approaches. By doing so we highlight two aspects: First, causal process tracing and congruence analysis should be seen as two distinct alternatives to the dominant co‐variational template. Second, the main characteristics of case studies, their thickness, provides only an unavoidable dilemma if we aim to generalize the findings towards a wider population of similar cases as in the co‐variational template. If we would like to get deeper insights â‐“ as the causal process tracing approach does â‐“ or if we would like to use the empirical evidence for a broader theoretical discourse â‐“ as the congruence analysis does â‐“ case studies do not face a trade‐off.     

文化产品的价值判定与形式表达

社会建构了文化产品的使用价值,并且通过文化产业生产运营的具体形式,在特定的社会安排中产生出文化产品的交换价值或市场价值。这就使文化产品处于商品、社会和文化三重结构的制约与限制中,文化产品从这些结构属性中获得了存在的性质。文化产品以其创意性获得了社会、艺术或娱乐等多种使用价值的重叠,并依凭于这些价值的重叠而获得转化为市场交换价值的潜能;那么,文化产业作为联系这些具体生产行为和获得产出的组织载体或纽带,其关键核心就是以商业化的运作,来实现文化产品的价值转换。     

新时期警民关系评价调查的思考

警民关系评价调查是现代警务工作中一个具有战略性的问题 ,中外警学界都对此投入了大量的人力物力 ,国外警民关系调查中比较好的做法及研究成果值得我们借鉴。我们也应以积极的现代警务理念去主动适应新时期的警民关系 ,因为公安民警在警民关系中担当着主要角色     

试论宗教与道德的起源及二者之间的关系

宗教与道德都是人类特有的精神生活,是特殊的社会现象,都属于意识形态的范畴。尽管宗教和道德各自的起源和发生有自己的特点和过程,然而宗教和道德的起源之间的关系是不可否认的,它们都与生产力的发展水平、人类自身的利益、人类意识的发展水平有不可分割的联系,同时,在宗教和道德的起源阶段,二者之间又相互作用,相互影响,相互支持。     

Medical negligence in drug associated deaths

According to epidemiological studies adverse drug events are one of the most frequently encountered complications during medical treatment, a leading cause of hospitalisation and frequent cause of death. However, medical malpractice claims due to medication errors seem to be relatively rare. Based on a retrospective multicentre study on medical malpractice cases with lethal outcome (n = 4450), drug related cases (n = 575) were further evaluated. In 50% of cases a causal connection between drug therapy and death could be ruled out already after autopsy. In 232 cases a causal connection between drug therapy and death could be approved (drug allergies, relative overdose, wrong application, mix-up of drugs and sepsis after injection abscess). However, within the legal context only in 70 cases a medication error was approved which was in 42 cases causal for death, in 28 not. Administration of contraindicated drugs, incorrect application and relative overdose in renal insufficiency are the prevalent mistakes. Concerning the frequency of ADE in epidemiological studies medication errors are underreported in all data sources on medical malpractice; this seems to be due to the fact that even doctors and attending physicians rarely recognize an ADE; furthermore approving the connection between drug effect and death is extremely difficult for the expert witness.     

Explaining incumbent re-election in authoritarian elections: evidence from a Chinese county

Despite the burgeoning comparative literature on authoritarian elections, less is known about the dynamics of competition in authoritarian subnational elections where opposition is not allowed to organize into parties. Local elections without partisan competition in single-party authoritarian regimes provide considerable advantages to the incumbents and may well turn the incumbent advantage common in liberal democracies into incumbent dominance. What economic factors can break incumbent dominance in such competition without parties? With quantitative and qualitative evidence from grassroots elections in China, this article illustrates that economic growth and industrial economic structure offering more economic autonomy help to break incumbent dominance and increase the prospects of successful challenge to incumbency by non-party outsiders. The examination of the findings in a broad context in China and against the backdrop of local democratization in the developing world suggests that though we may observe successful challenge to incumbency, liberalization of the political system requires not only competition, but also a relatively autonomous economy to sustain liberalization prospects. The findings contribute to the literature on electoral authoritarianism, subnational democratization and China’s grassroots elections.     

论国际合同中最密切联系原则的运用

最密切联系原则已是国际民商事合同法律适用的主要原则之一,灵活性是其突出的特点,但有过分随意的危险;英美法系和大陆法系国家确定最密切联系的方法中利益分析说和特征履行说都有其不可避免的弱点.针对我国<合同法>第126条的实施,最密切联系原则的运用应与国际私法调整对象相适应,并区分国际商事合同和国际民事合同.     

药品专利审查和新药注册制度的链接与完善

在医药知识产权保护体系内,目前我国十分突出的一个问题就是药品专利审查和注册管理制度的不匹配,不完善.提出要将药品专利审查和注册管理进行制度链接,必须同时在专利立法中进行防范有关注册时出现专利纠纷问题的制度设计和在药品注册立法中进行有关专利链接制度的设计.     

人民币汇率与国际石油价格协整分析

自我国汇率制度改革实施以来,人民币汇率的走势受到国内外的广泛关注,而同一时期的另一热点问题是国际石油价格的剧烈波动.从理论角度分析,这两个经济变量并不是相互独立的,国际石油价格对人民币汇率的影响主要是通过国际收支渠道和国内经济渠道,国际石油价格变动将引起人民币汇率反方向变动;而人民币汇率对国际石油价格的影响主要是通过国际石油贸易途径,但影响并不显著.运用ECM模型对人民币汇率和国际石油价格数据进行实证分析,得到两者之间的一个长期均衡关系,而通过因果关系检验,证明人民币汇率和国际石油价格之间存在的是单向因果关系,国际石油价格变动将引起人民币汇率的同方向变动,与理论分析结论相反;而人民币汇率对国际石油价格的影响不显著,与理论分析结论一致.     

国际商事合同中法律规避与意思自治的制约与权衡

在国际商事合同的准据法的确定问题上,当事人意思自治原则是各国及国际公约公认的首要原则.但在理论上及有些国家的立法中,对当事人意思自治还有一些不合理的限制,其中包括要求当事人所选择的法律必须与合同有实际联系.当事人通过改变或创设连结点的方式以使其合同表面符合有"实际联系"的要求,被认为构成国际私法上的法律规避.对此问题的澄清有利于正确认识国际私法各种制度存在的价值.通过分析得出,意思自治原则承认当事人有选择法律的自由,就等于接受了当事人有权规避某一国法律的事实.当事人规避"实际联系"并未侵害法律所保护的正当利益.国际私法不能用"实际联系"来限制当事人选择合同准据法的自由.