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201.
信息社会中人类生活的信息化、个人信息商品化、个人信息公用化、网络人格虚拟化等特征为隐私权的发展提供了时代背景并对隐私权的保护提出了挑战。信息社会的隐私权具备了不同于传统隐私权的特点:涉及范围扩充、积极权能增强、权利相对化等,因此,对于隐私权的保护也需要采取多样化的手段,以应对信息社会中隐私权保护所面临的隐私侵权问题严重、行为规范与伦理道德缺失等挑战。保护信息时代隐私权,既需要完善立法、建构隐私权保护的综合体系,同时还需要民众教育、技术开发、行业自律等环节的互相配合。 相似文献
202.
203.
面对严重危及社会生存与发展、民众安宁与秩序的一些严重犯罪,"重重"是世界范围内的一种刑事政策选择现实与趋势."重重"绝非一种重刑主义政策,其核心含义与要求是严密法网并严格责任.其基本的理论假定是:既然刑罚的矫治罪犯、回归犯罪人并预防犯罪的目的对有些犯罪与犯罪人难以达到,那么起码有一点能够做到,那就是,让刑罚发挥其能够起到的惩罚犯罪的作用,从而更好地保护社会. 相似文献
204.
Hiroyuki Inoue Ph.D. Hisako Motani‐Saitoh D.D.S. Ph.D. Koichi Sakurada D.D.S. Ph.D. Hiroshi Ikegaya M.D. Ph.D. Daisuke Yajima M.D. Ph.D. Sayaka Nagasawa Ph.D. Hirotaro Iwase M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(1):236-241
Increasing numbers of unidentified cadavers are a major problem. We have developed a new method for providing identification information that can determine the geographical origin or place of long‐term residence of unidentified cadavers based on genotypic polymorphisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) known to correlate with their geographical distribution. PCR of serum samples detected HBV DNA from 4 (3.9%) of 102 randomly selected Japanese forensic cadavers. Multiplex PCR did not detect multiple HBV genotypes from any single cadaver, confirming the absence of coinfection. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on a 485‐bp mutant region of the HBV S gene successfully classified the HBV genotypes into A to J. Among 10 HBV‐infected cadavers, 8 had genotype Ce/C2, a genotype prevalent in East Asia, and 2 had genotype Bj/B1, a Japanese‐specific genotype. HBV genotypic polymorphisms correlate with the geographical distribution of the virus and thus provide important information for identifying unidentified cadavers infected with HBV. 相似文献
205.
Crystal Simson Oechsle M.S. Sandra Haddad Ph.D. Joanne B. Sgueglia B.A. Catherine M. Grgicak Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(1):199-207
Biological fluid identification is an important facet of evidence examination in forensic laboratories worldwide. While identifying bodily fluids may provide insight into which downstream DNA methods to employ, these screening techniques consume a vital portion of the available evidence, are usually qualitative, and rely on visual interpretation. In contrast, qPCR yields information regarding the amount and proportion of amplifiable genetic material. In this study, dilution series of either semen or male saliva were prepared in either buffer or female blood. The samples were subjected to both lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips and qPCR analysis. Analytical figures of merit—including sensitivity, minimum distinguishable signal (MDS) and limit of detection (LOD)—were calculated and compared between methods. By applying the theory of the propagation of random errors, LODs were determined to be 0.05 μL of saliva for the RSID? Saliva cards, 0.03 μL of saliva for Quantifiler® Duo, and 0.001 μL of semen for Quantifiler® Duo. In conclusion, quantitative PCR was deemed a viable and effective screening method for subsequent DNA profiling due to its stability in different matrices, sensitivity, and low limits of detection. 相似文献
206.
Mindy James Ph.D. Trenna Blagden Ph.D. Ian Moncrief M.S. James P. Burans Ph.D. Katherine Schneider Ph.D. Jacqueline Fletcher Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(2):463-469
The U.S. agricultural sector is vulnerable to intentionally introduced microbial threats because of its wide and open distribution and economic importance. To investigate such events, forensically valid assays for plant pathogen detection are needed. In this work, real‐time PCR assays were developed for three model plant pathogens: Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato, Xylella fastidiosa, and Wheat streak mosaic virus. Validation included determination of the linearity and range, limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and exclusivity of each assay. Additionally, positive control plasmids, distinguishable from native signature by restriction enzyme digestion, were developed to support forensic application of the assays. Each assay displayed linear amplification of target nucleic acid, detected 100 fg or less of target nucleic acid, and was specific to its target pathogen. Results obtained with these model pathogens provide the framework for development and validation of similar assays for other plant pathogens of high consequence. 相似文献
207.
Jing Fei M.S. Juan Yang M.S. Hui Zhou B.E. Minfeng Tang B.E. Weiming Lu B.E. An Yan M.S. Yin Hou B.S. Shuyu Zhang Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):723-728
Shahtoosh, the down hair of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), is the noblest and most expensive wool in the world. The population of the animal has declined dramatically due to commercial poaching for the fiber. Traditional inspection for detection of shahtoosh has been performed by microscopic analysis. We developed a TaqMan real‐time PCR‐based DNA analysis method for identifying shahtoosh fibers. A set of probe and primers for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene that binds specifically to Tibetan antelope DNA was designed. A signal was detected with sensitivity to the 1:10,000 dilution of shahtoosh DNA. A fiber mixture of 1% of shahtoosh mixed with cashmere and even a single fiber can be detected with this method. The method is faster, more cost‐effective and more sensitive than other traditional sequencing methods and can be directly applied to identify shahtoosh and its processed products, which will be of value in illegal trade investigations. 相似文献
208.
Presumptive tests for blood play a critical role in the examination of physical evidence and in the determination of subsequent analysis. The catalytic power of hemoglobin allows colorimetric reactions employing phenolphthalein (Kastle‐Meyer test) to indicate “whether” blood is present. Consequently, DNA profiles extracted from phenolphthalein‐positive stains are presumed to be from blood on the evidentiary item and can lead to the identification of “whose” blood is present. Crushed nodules from a variety of legumes yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactions that were indistinguishable from true bloodstains both in color quality and in developmental time frame. Clothing and other materials stained by nodules also yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactivity for several years after nodule exposure. Nodules from leguminous plants contain a protein (leghemoglobin) which is structurally and functionally similar to hemoglobin. Testing of purified leghemoglobin confirmed this protein as a source of phenolphthalein reactivity. A scenario is presented showing how the presence of leghemoglobin from nodule staining can mislead investigators. 相似文献
209.
Laura N. Riccardi Ph.D. Rossana Lanzellotto M.Sc. Mirella Falconi M.D. Stefania Ceccardi Ph.D. Carla Bini Ph.D. Susi Pelotti M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):690-695
CYP2D6 polymorphism analysis is gaining increasing interest in forensic pharmacogenetics. Nevertheless, DNA recovered from forensic samples could be of poor quality and not suitable for long polymerase chain reaction required to type CYP2D6 gene prior to SNaPshot minisequencing analysis performed to define alleles with different enzymatic activity. We developed and validated following the guidelines of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods a tetraplex PCR yielding four amplicons of 597, 803, 1142, and 1659 bp encompassing the entire CYP2D6 gene to analyze eleven SNP positions by SNaPshot minisequencing. Concordance, sensitivity, and specificity were assessed. The method, applied to thirty‐two forensic samples failed to amplify with long PCR, allowed the amplification of CYP2D6 gene in 62.5% of degraded samples. The new tetraplex PCR appears a suitable method for CYP2D6 analysis in forensic pharmacogenetics. 相似文献
210.
目的收集当前我国常用不同品牌和型号的彩色激光打印机打印样本,研究打印文件上暗记特征的提取分析及其变化规律,探讨彩色激光打印文件暗记特征在鉴定实践中的应用及其在打印文件防伪措施中的价值。方法使用显微镜、文检仪及有关图像处理技术分别检验了彩色激光打印机的打印文件样本。结果彩色激光打印机打印文件上会出现暗记特征,且不同品牌的暗记特征出现规律、形态特征和点阵特征不同。结论暗记特征可作为初步鉴别彩色激光打印机品牌型号及打印时间的依据,具有防伪价值,但其在鉴定实践中还存在一定的局限性,有待进一步研究。 相似文献