5个STR基因座的遗传多态性及其法医学应用

目的获得D11S4951、D11S4957、GATA193H05、D2S2951、D6S2421基因座的群体遗传学数据,并分析其在法医学中的应用价值。方法随机抽取成都地区汉族群体无血缘关系个体的静脉血,EDTA抗凝,用Chelex-100法提取DNA,应用PCR技术,扩增上述5个短串联重复序列基因座,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳分型。结果5个基因座在中国成都汉族人群中分别发现了7、10、8、6、8个等位基因,5个基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。各基因座的杂合度分别为0.743、0.772、0.833、0.650和0.800;非父排除概率分别为0.497、0.549、0.662、0.356和0.599;个人识别几率分别为0.863、0.912、0.947、0.829和0.931。结论5个基因座在中国汉族群体中具有法医学应用价值。     

糖皮质激素不良反应在医疗纠纷鉴定中引发的思考

糖皮质激素是维持生命的必需品,药理作用广,不适当的使用或长期大剂量使用可导致不良反应和并发症甚至危及生命。糖皮质激素在为患者治疗疾病的同时,也使许多患者饱受全身器官、组织受损的痛苦。由于临床存在不合理应用,不可避免地对机体产生严重的危害,有的甚至产生严重的后果,轻者掩盖病情,延误诊断,重者致感染扩散,危及生命。     

An innovative transfer DNA experimental design and qPCR assay to identify primary,secondary, and tertiary DNA transfer

“Touch DNA” is a form of trace DNA that is presumed to be deposited when an individual touches something and leaves behind DNA-containing skin cells, sweat, or other fluids. While touch DNA is often the result of direct contact (i.e., primary transfer), it can also be indirectly transferred between surfaces or individuals (e.g., secondary or tertiary transfer). Even experts cannot distinguish between different types of transfer and do not fully understand which variables affect direct versus indirect transfer or how often each type of transfer occurs. In this study, we utilize an innovative protocol that combines a paired male and female transfer DNA experimental design with an Amelogenin qPCR assay to generate data on primary, secondary, and tertiary DNA transfer. We report frequencies of indirect DNA transfer and also investigate the potential effects of participant age, self-identified ethnicity, and skin conditions on DNA transfer. Out of 22 experimental trials, we detected primary transfer (male + female) in 71% of trials, secondary DNA transfer in 50% of trials, and tertiary DNA transfer in 27% of trials. No significant associations were found between primary DNA transfer and age, self-identified ancestry, or skin conditions, however, all individuals with sloughing skin conditions demonstrated primary DNA transfer and we suggest this variable be explored in larger samples. These results contribute to a better understanding of the conditions under which secondary and tertiary DNA transfer occurs and can be used to propose realistic DNA transfer scenarios in court cases.     

微滴式数字PCR技术用于生物样品种属鉴定和绝对定量

目的 运用微滴式数字PCR技术进行生物样品的种属鉴定和绝对定量.方法 选择人mtDNA两个编码基因ND4和16S rRNA,设计特异性引物与探针,用人来源及常见动物样本验证种属特异性,再用重组质粒和2组共16份人来源生物检材,倍比稀释.使用微滴式数字PCR技术进行种属检验和绝对定量,验证其灵敏度和稳定性.结果 人重组质粒FAM （ND4）可进行人来源样品的检测,其检测结果与各级稀释梯度基本吻合,微滴式数字PCR技术可以检测出反应体系中低至单拷贝的DNA.结论 微滴式数字PCR技术可以进行生物样品的种属鉴定和绝对定量,并具有很高的灵敏度和特异性,可应用于日常法医物证检验.     

The political economy of Russian higher education: why does Putin support research universities?

This article argues that Vladimir Putin's regime launched support programs for the leading Russian universities in 2005 because of a perceived threat of the political mobilization of youth, similar to the one that triggered “color revolutions” in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine. The support programs created cleavages in the university community, covered an attack on university autonomy, and made the containment of possible anti-regime student mobilization a part of an implicit agreement between the regime and the universities. The historical coincidence of the “demographic hole,” which caused a shrinkage of the higher education market, and high oil prices, which provided the necessary resources for the regime, made this implicit agreement possible. The article contributes to the research on authoritarianism, youth mobilization, authoritarian backlash after the color revolutions, and the development of research universities in Russia.     

The 2017 election in Kenya: reimagining the past or introducing the future?

The new 2010 Kenya Constitution introduced a devolved system of government that has radically transformed the Kenyan polity. The political elite which operated primarily at the national level now encounters a new competitive political arena with the introduction of county governments under devolution. In particular, a new post of County Governor has surpassed in power calculations both the traditional MP and the new position of senator. In the 2013 elections, the focus was on the national arena; in 2017, all this will change.     

Identification and Individualization of Lophophora using DNA Analysis of the trnL/trnF Region and rbcL Gene

Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is a small, spineless, greenish‐blue cactus found in Mexico and the southwestern United States. Ingestion of the cactus can result in hallucinations due to its content of mescaline. In the United States, L. williamsii is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. In this study, we use DNA analysis of the chloroplast trnL/trnF region and chloroplast rbcL gene to identify the individuals of Lophophora. Using the rbcL gene, Lophophora specimens could be distinguished from outgroups, but species within the genus could not be distinguished. The trnL/trnF region split the Lophophora genus into several groups based on the length and substructure of an AT‐rich segment of the sequence. Our results indicate that the genetic variability at the trnL/trnF locus is greater than previously recognized. Although DNA structures at the trnL/trnF region and rbcL gene do not align with the classification of Lophophora species, they can be used to aid in forensic analysis.     

TOF‐SIMS Analysis of Red Color Inks of Writing and Printing Tools on Questioned Documents

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) is a well‐established surface technique that provides both elemental and molecular information from several monolayers of a sample surface while also allowing depth profiling or image mapping to be performed. Static TOF‐SIMS with improved performances has expanded the application of TOF‐SIMS to the study of a variety of organic, polymeric, biological, archaeological, and forensic materials. In forensic investigation, the use of a minimal sample for the analysis is preferable. Although the TOF‐SIMS technique is destructive, the probing beams have microsized diameters so that only small portion of the questioned sample is necessary for the analysis, leaving the rest available for other analyses. In this study, TOF‐SIMS and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) were applied to the analysis of several different pen inks, red sealing inks, and printed patterns on paper. The overlapping areas of ballpoint pen writing, red seal stamping, and laser printing in a document were investigated to identify the sequence of recording. The sequence relations for various cases were determined from the TOF‐SIMS mapping image and the depth profile. TOF‐SIMS images were also used to investigate numbers or characters altered with two different red pens. TOF‐SIMS was successfully used to determine the sequence of intersecting lines and the forged numbers on the paper.