制定我国《药品再评价管理办法》的法律依据及有关问题分析

本文通过介绍我国开展药品再评价的法律依据,探讨制定我国《药品再评价管理办法》的必要性和急迫性,并 就有关实际工作中存在的问题提出了解决建议。     

Female juvenile murderers: Biological and psychological dynamics leading to homicide

The increasing involvement of girls under 18 in violent crime has been a matter of growing concern in the United States in recent years. This article reviews the arrests of female juveniles for violent crime and then focuses specifically on their involvement in homicide. Arrests of girls for murder, unlike arrests for assault, have not risen over the last 30 years, suggesting that the dynamics that propel female juveniles to engage in lethal violence differ from those contributing to assaultive behavior by this same group. A review of the literature indicates that theories as to why female adolescents kill do not take into account recent scientific findings on brain development and the biological effects of early trauma in explaining serious violent behavior by girls. Three cases, evaluated by the authors, involving female adolescents charged with murder or attempted murder, are presented. The authors focus on the biological and psychological dynamics that help explain their violent behavior. They discuss the effects of insecure attachment and child maltreatment, and trace a critical pathway between these early experiences and future risk of violent behavior. The dynamics of child maltreatment in fostering rage and violence are discussed thereafter in terms of offender accountability. The article concludes with a discussion of treatment and recommendations for future research.     

Governmental filtering of websites: The Dutch case

Following the example of Norway and other European Countries, such as Sweden and Denmark, in April 2007 the Dutch government started filtering and blocking web pages with child pornographic content. In this paper we present a research into the technological, legal and practical possibilities of this measure. Our study leads us to the conclusion that the deployment of filters by or on behalf of the Dutch government is not based on any founded knowledge concerning the effectiveness of the approach. Furthermore, the actions of the Dutch law enforcement authorities do not avail over legal powers to filter and block internet traffic. Consequently the Dutch filtering practice was found to be unlawful. The government could enact a law that provides the police with the relevant powers. However, child porn filters always cause a certain amount of structural overblocking, which means that the government is then engaged in structural blocking of information that is not against the law. This would be in conflict with basic rights as laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and in national legislation. Maintaining a blacklist that is serious in size (a necessary condition for being effective), and at the same time is up-to-date and error-free (which is needed to prevent overblocking), is very labour-intensive, if not impossible to maintain. From the Dutch national police policy perspective it follows that putting so much labour in maintaining a blacklist cannot be considered as a police task. Why then did the Dutch police start filtering? In a society where child pornography is judged with abhorrence, in which safety is rated higher then privacy, and in which managers and politicians frequently have a naive faith in technology, the advocates of internet filters against child pornography quickly find wide-spread support. Although this paper refers to the situation in The Netherlands, it includes a number of elements and issues that are relevant to other European States as well.     

政府信息公开行政诉讼案件疑难问题研究——以浙江法院审理的行政案件为实证样本

《政府信息公开条例》实施以来,由于《条例》本身需要明确的问题很多,相关规定的可操作性不强,导致其实施效果不佳。当大量的信息公开行政诉讼案件涌入法院后,法院对受案范围、原告资格、裁判方式等问题的把握缺乏相关的界定标准,导致对裁判标准的尺度掌握不一,影响了法院裁判的公信力和信息公开工作的有序推进。以具体案件审理中出现的疑难问题为实证样本探求立法本意,明确审理此类行政诉讼案件的思路与裁判标准意义重大。     

Fatal case of Rapunzel syndrome in neglected child

Rapunzel syndrome is very extreme form of trichobezoar formation where the tail of the trichobezoar extends from the stomach into the small intestine. Death resulting from this condition is rare and is usually associated with gastric or intestinal perforation. We report a fatal case of Rapunzel syndrome in a 3 years and 10 months old girl. Review of the literature indicates that this case involves the youngest child to have died from this syndrome. Furthermore, this case is unique due to the clear association with the parent's neglect with failure to provide the child with adequate health care.     

穴位贴敷时间和接触性皮炎对哮喘防治效果的影响

目的 观察贴敷时间和接触性皮炎对哮喘防治效果的影响。方法 将91例穴位贴敷治疗的缓解期哮喘患者,依照4 h、8 h穴位贴敷后是否诱发接触性皮炎,分为A组（4 h有接触性皮炎）24例、B组（4 h无接触性皮炎）25例、C组（8 h有接触性皮炎）22例、D组（8 h无接触性皮炎）20例,观察各组患者治疗前后哮喘发作次数改变、哮喘控制测试（asthma control test,ACT）评分和成人哮喘生活质量问卷（asthma quality of life questionnaire,AQLQ）评分的差异性。结果 与同组治疗前比较,治疗后A、C、D组哮喘发作次数均显著减少,ACT评分、AQLQ评分均显著提高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;其中A组治疗前后哮喘发作次数差值、ACT评分差值、AQLQ评分差值较B组差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 穴位贴敷时间和接触性皮炎均影响哮喘的防治效果,穴位贴敷4 h出现接触性皮炎者疗效相对较好。     

我国集体谈判制度存在的问题和对策研究

集体谈判制度在我国的实行并不理想,在工会组织、政府、雇主等方面还存在一些问题。我们应着重从促进工会组织的发展,推进政治体制改革,实施依法治理,营造民主和谐的氛围,建立以人为本的现代企业管理制度等方面完善集体谈判制度,建立有效的劳资关系协调机制。     

Low recidivism rates of child sex offenders in a Finnish 7-year follow-up

ABSTRACT

This study examines the recidivism rates of Finnish child sex offenders convicted in 2010 (n = 361) over a follow-up period of seven years. The results indicate that while reoffending for other types of offences was common (34%), offenders had very low sexual crime recidivism rates (1%). In terms of more persistent criminal careers, less than a quarter of the offenders had both a previous criminal history and at least one subsequent offence during the follow-up period. Offenders with child sexual abuse material-related crimes reoffended more rarely than did others. Study limitations and implications for policymaking, media and rehabilitation are discussed.     

Negative reactions to the sexually abused victims,withdrawing the complaint and outcomes of the litigation: the first data from Turkey

In order to provide psychosocial services to children with sexual abuse (SA) histories, their needs and problems should be initially identified. In this study, it is intended to determine the psychosocial problems of victims. Participants were 73 victims between aged between 16 and 21. A telephone interview form was used to collect the study data. It is found that there were several problems noted by victims, including underage marriage (15.1%), teenage pregnancy (6.9%), revictimization (13.7%), need for psychiatric support (21.9%) as well as negative social reaction (84.4%) and not being supported by family (41.1%). One-third of the victims (30.1%) had withdrawn the complaint for reasons such as SA being heard among social circle, the negative effect of court process on psychological well-being, make a new beginning and reasons related to the suspects. Finally, it was found out that 21.9% of the parents did not know the outcome of the litigation, 34.2% of them were satisfied with the case result, 43.8% of them were not satisfied with the penalty, 43.8% of the litigation process was ended in favor of the suspect and 43.9% of the suspects were punished. This study shows the need for prevention and intervention studies to solve the problems of SA victims, and it is essential to make the justice system child-friendly.