Children’s Direct Exposure to Types of Domestic Violence Crime: A Population-based Investigation

Police officers served as public health sentinels to collect data on children exposed to domestic violence across an entire municipality for 1 year. This study extended research by investigating a typology of domestic violence crimes and children’s direct sensory exposure to these types. Police officers used a standard, validated protocol to collect data on all substantiated domestic violence. Findings revealed that almost half of all events had children present, and 81% of these children were directly exposed to the violence. Children under the age of 6 years old were at greater risk of exposure. Identified domestic violence households with children were more likely to be low-income, non-White, and headed by a single female, compared to households at large. Cluster analysis revealed seven domestic violence event profiles. Typology showed that children were disproportionately exposed to the most unstable and dangerous profiles including weapon use, mutual assault, and substance abuse.     

略论打击犯罪与保障人权在立法上的平衡

打击犯罪与保障人权是一对矛盾体,要使二者达到一种大体平衡,立法上的平衡是根本。在当前我国的刑事犯罪形势下,实践中普遍存在着保障人权的立法偏弱和在立法方面不顾国情的问题。为此在立法上必须坚持程序法与实体法相结合,坚持理论依据、考虑国情、循序渐进的原则,加快我国保障人权的立法进程,真正实现打击犯罪与保障人权的平衡。     

THE FIFTH WORLD CONGRESS ON FAMILY LAW AND THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH

Editor's note on the 5^th World Congress on Family Law and Children's Rights held in Halifax Nova Scotia, August 23–26, 2009     

Positive Resolution of Childhood Sexual Abuse Experiences: The Role of Coping,Benefit-Finding and Meaning-Making

Resolution of the trauma of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and the current adjustment of 60 adult female CSA survivors were explored through qualitative and quantitative analyses of their coping strategies, perceived benefits, and meaning-making attempts. While the majority of the women (87%) perceived at least some benefit resulting from coping with the CSA experience, many (29%) found it impossible to make any meaning of their trauma. Specific benefits that were associated with various aspects of positive adjustment (marital satisfaction, better physical health, less isolation) included improved relationships with others, religious or spiritual growth, and improved parenting skills. Some perceived benefits were actually associated with a negative outcome. Increased knowledge of sexual abuse was associated with more isolation and lower marital satisfaction. When positive meaning could be derived from the coping process, the women reported less isolation. Avoidant coping was strongly associated with more depressive symptoms and poorer resolution of abuse issues. Results highlight the importance of considering coping strategies and cognitive restructuring efforts in designing therapeutic interventions with this population. Portions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Psychological Association, May 2004, Chicago, IL.     

梭罗的个人主义理想与个人的道德良心

19世纪美国超验主义思想家H.D.梭罗的个人主义深受美国传统渊源的影响,同时也颇具个性,主要体现在他对"个人道德良心"的呼唤.他把个人良心看作比法律更高的一种道德原则.他主张:个人利益高于机构利益.任何机构化了的组织不能将自己的意志强加于人,而应当尊重每一个人的权利,使人人有机会按自己的良心行事,实现自己的生活目标.梭罗的<论公民不服从>和<瓦尔登湖>这两部作品集中表达了他的个人主义的观点,梭罗正是从个人道德良心的角度来阐释其个人主义主张的.他的个人主义理想影响了美国民族文化的建构,并已成为整个美国文化的一个重要组成部分.     

“权利救济”与“内部监督”的复合——行政复议制度的功能分析

关于行政复议制度的功能存在三种不同的观点:内部监督;权利救济;解决纠纷。每种观点都有其自身的优点与缺陷。实际上,三种功能有着相通的内涵,因此行政复议制度是监督和救济的集合,在制度设计上应当注意不同功能的并重。     

《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》食物权法律解析

食物权作为一项基本人权关乎人类的生存、健康和尊严。《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第11条首次对食物权作出规定，并通过一系列评论文件阐明其内涵、国家权利和义务以及监督机制。有关食物权的规定的出台有着重要意义，但金融危机和粮食危机给食物权的实现带来了巨大的阻力。在该背景下，如何消除饥饿，提供足够的食物是国际社会共同面临的问题。     

秩序、正义、自由及其对警察权的制约——以《治安管理处罚法》为讨论起点

新的《治安管理处罚法》，与旧的《治安管理处罚条例》比较而言，在许多制度和理念上都有了不少进步，尤其在限制警察权力方面进步巨大，但是由于其在我国行政法中具有重要地位，因此对其具体制度和内容进行理论分析十分必要。本文在对《治安管理处罚法》背后蕴藏和体现的秩序、正义、自由三大立法价值评述的基础上，指出了本法目前仍存在的一些行为内容和具体制度设计上的不足和欠缺，希望通过完善其立法理念和制度设计，推动我国行政法理念的转变和人权保护层次的提高，并最终有助于我国法治国家的建立。     

废除死刑之门——未成年人不判死刑原则及其在中国的确立与延伸

禁止对未成年人判处死刑是联合国《儿童权利公约》、《少年司法最低限度标准规则》、《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》等所确立的一项基本原则。自20世纪初以来,中国即开始了确立这一原则的努力,但直到1997年刑法典才实现了与这一原则的"无缝衔接"。考察未成年人不判死刑原则在中国确立的历程,至少有三点启示:第一,尽管艰难,但彻底废除死刑在中国仍具有实现的可能性;第二,从犯罪主体(强调其社会弱势群体特征)的角度废除死刑要比从罪行性质的角度入手,更具可行性,也更为平等和较少带来负面影响;第三,青年,尤其是年轻青年与未成年人有着诸多类似之处,可以而且应当首先将未成年人不判死刑规则延伸于这一群体,这也是避免误判不满18岁未成年人死刑的需要。     

Profiles of Victimized Women Among the Child Welfare Population: Implications for Targeted Child Welfare Policy and Practices

Despite the call to address domestic violence along with child maltreatment, little information exists to guide services for victimized women involved with child welfare. Research shows that victimized women contend with multiple problems stemming from violent victimization. Unfortunately less is known about combinations of needs and resources among victimized women, especially for those involved with child welfare. Through an examination of needs and resources among families with child maltreatment and domestic violence, we aimed to help address this knowledge gap. Needs and resources among 1,229 victimized caregivers were examined using the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW). Using latent class analysis, four distinct multivariate profiles of needs and resources among victimized caregivers were identified. Significant differences were found among the profile groups in the family violence they experienced in the 18 months following child welfare investigations. Based on these findings, we discuss implications for tailored practices to enhance the safety of victimized caregivers involved with child welfare. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the Society for Social Work and Research, Miami, Florida in January 2005.