从大学生体质健康变化趋势的角度洞察高校体育教学改革

高校体育教学作为实施健康教育的主阵地,一直是教学研究的重点内容。但经过比较发现,体育教学改革的进程中,大学生的体质健康水平却在下降,特别是耐力素质下降尤其明显。究其根源,目前的体育教学改革往往局限于形式,而实际的内容没有本质的改变,无法提高体育教学的效果。所以,高校体育教学应在革新竞争机制、创新体育教学理念、丰富体育教学内容、拓展体育教学形式和体育教学模式等方面进行深入革新,以保证体育教学的有效实施,改善目前大学生的体质健康状况。     

浅谈思想教育在体育教学中的运用

思想品德教育是学校教育的重要组成部分,也是体育课应配合教学的要素之一,体育教学不仅能使学生增强体质,提高运动技巧和技能,而且还能发展智力、陶冶情操、锻炼意志,培养学生的全面发展,特别是中等专业学校的学生毕业后将直接进入社会。为了使学生更好、更快地适应社会和工作岗位,作为中等专业学校的体育教育者对学生进行思想教育更为重要。根据体育教学的特点,把思想教育贯穿体育教学之中,使学生在增强体质、学习运动技能的同时提高品德素养。     

A physical therapy environment design concept for children with cerebral palsy in accordance with patient behavior and therapy effectiveness

This research aims to study the effects of interior environmental features on the effectiveness of physical therapy among children with cerebral palsy. The research assumes that interior environment primarily determines the central attention of the patients, which further institutes the level of cooperation and thus the effectiveness of therapy. Distinctive interior settings in three state hospitals are utilized to test the effects of different environmental settings on child patients＇ level of attention. A ＇~structured observation＂ together with an ＂achievement rating＂, measured by the patients＇ cooperative level, are utilized to gauge the success of therapy conducted within the three different environmental settings. Statistical result reveals a pattern of correlative linkages among the interior features, the level of central attention and the effectiveness of therapy. Behavioral responses are found to be positively correlated with the level of patient cooperation. The analysis of behavioral response discloses three types of environmental stimuli--crowding in the treatment rooms, present of particular interior features such as windows, and activities outside the treatment rooms visible to the patients. Desirable response is also found to be increasing along with the number of interior stimulus features. A design guideline for treatment room is finally established. Two groups of interior environmental features could be manipulated to elevate the effectiveness of therapy--the physical environment which includes room size, and the spatial location of therapy activities within the interior environment.     

非法实物证据的排除模式：利益权衡与客观化基准

在刑事诉讼领域，“利益权衡”是平衡人权保障和犯罪控制两大理念的重要法律方法。针对非法实物证据的排除，利益权衡的法律方法在比较法上发挥着重要制度机能，美国实行的是实践意义的利益权衡、德国等实行的是规范意义的利益权衡、新西兰实行的是转型意义的利益权衡。但作为一种主观性较强的方法论，它也存在制度局限与客观化诉求。因此，我国在实物证据的排除领域引进利益权衡方法时，也应设定相应的客观化基准。     

Interactive and Unique Risk Factors for Husbands' Emotional and Physical Abuse of Their Wives

Predisposing risk factors of husband to wife physical and emotional abusiveness were assessed in 175 community volunteer couples. Negative life events, marital dissatisfaction, attitudes regarding aggression, and employment status accounted for unique variance in the prediction of husbands' total abusiveness. Alcohol impairment, while not in itself a significant predictor, moderated the effects of life stress and marital dissatisfaction. Men reporting alcohol impairment, combined with high negative life events or with high marital dissatisfaction, exhibited greater abusiveness than predicted by the additive effects of these individual risk factors. Men exhibiting emotional abuse, compared to those without emotional abuse, scored higher on hostility and attitudes condoning aggression, whereas men exhibiting severe physical aggression, compared to those without severe physical aggression, reported more negative life events, more marital dissatisfaction, more hostility, and more exposure to abuse in their family of origin. The present data highlight the importance of variables that fluctuate over time, as well as the co-occurrence of such variables in understanding husband to wife abusiveness.     

山西公安民警体能素质和技战术能力调查

从2005年9月开始,山西省公安厅对全省两万多名民警的基本体能和两千多名一线公安民警的基本技战术进行了测试和考核,发现公安基层单位这方面存在一些问题:基层公安部门对民警体能技战术缺乏应有重视,训练经费严重短缺,警力不足,民警工作强度大,训练难以保证,民警锻炼的意识差等。     

Discrepancy between Mother and Child Perceptions of Their Relationship: II. Consequences for Children Considered within the Context of Maternal Physical Illness

Discrepancies between parent and child perceptions of parenting have been well established. The current study addressed whether discrepancies in one dimension of parenting, the parent-child relationship, are associated with child adjustment difficulties concurrently and longitudinally. In particular, it was hypothesized that greater discrepancies in mother and child perceptions of parenting would be associated with child adjustment difficulties. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that families experiencing a stressor—in this case, maternal infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—would experience larger discrepancies than families in which the mother is noninfected and that maternal HIV infection would moderate the association between discrepant views and child adjustment. Participants were 183 African-American women (61 HIV infected; 122 noninfected) and one of their noninfected children. All participants were from the inner-city area of New Orleans. Results indicated that discrepancies in mother and child perceptions of their relationship was associated with mother and child reports of externalizing behavior problems concurrently and longitudinally. In addition, discrepancies were significantly higher in families experiencing maternal HIV infection than in the noninfected group. However, with one exception, maternal HIV status failed to moderate the relationship between discrepancies in perception and child adjustment, indicating that discrepancies play a similar role in both types of families. Clinical implications of the present results are discussed.     

Social and emotional detachment in Dutch children

Characteristics associated with psychopathy were, along with the symptoms of aggressive and antisocial behaviour, rated by parents in a community sample of 2535 four-to-eighteen-year-old Dutch children in 2003. An analysis of principal components suggested two dimensions of psychopathic characteristics. The first dimension comprised egocentric characteristics and the second unemotional characteristics. Regression analyses further showed that antisocial behaviour could be predicted by egocentric characteristics, while aggressive behaviour could be predicted by the interaction of egocentric and unemotional characteristics. To avoid unnecessary stigmatisation of youngsters, it is proposed to label the egocentric dimension as the 'social detachment' factor and the unemotional dimension as the 'emotional detachment' factor.     

Columnar‐Thin‐Film‐Assisted Visualization of Depleted Sebaceous Fingermarks on Nonporous Metals and Hard Plastics

A fingermark on a nonporous substrate can be developed by depositing a columnar thin film (CTF) on it, but the CTF technique's sensitivity for low‐quality fingermarks is unknown. The optimized CTF and traditional development of several depletion series of sebaceous‐loaded fingermarks were compared using a split‐print methodology as well as subjective and objective grading schemes, in a limited laboratory trial. CTF development was superior to development with selected traditional techniques on brass, anodized aluminum, black acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and white nylon. On white ABS and black nylon, the CTF technique performed poorly but still as well as the best‐performing traditional development technique. The CTF technique was more sensitive on brass and anodized aluminum than, and as sensitive on the four hard plastics and stainless steel as, the best‐performing traditional technique. Thus, the CTF technique is useful to develop friction‐ridge detail from limited fingermark residue on some smooth substrates.     

Physical Matching of Metals: Grain Orientation Association at Fracture Edge

The objective of this study was to examine whether surface crystal orientation can be used to associate or differentiate metal fracture fragments. The orientations of individual crystals and crystals across the fracture plane were measured on polished steel and iron alloy surfaces using Electron Backscattered Diffraction/ Orientation Imaging Microscopy (EBSD/OIM). This investigation examined crystallographic characteristics within a metal. This study showed that for transgranular fracture, it is feasible that pieces of grains could be associated across the fracture surface with the difference in orientation between grains (misorientation) along a length sequence of grain orientations on one side of the fracture surface to associate the other side of a fracture surface. Regarding pair comparisons of crystals on fracture surfaces, it was estimated that the probability for an ordered sequence of six distinct oriented grains along a fracture surface to occur again is about 1 in 4.82 (10)³⁰ or 2.07 (10)⁻³¹.