民事优先权之概念及性质辩析

民事优先权是指所有具备优先行使或优先实现效力的民事权利的总称。其核心是一种以优先实现为内容的利益,这种利益是由民法赋予特定人享有的,由民法确认和保护。民事优先权包括先取特权、优先申请权、优先受让权、优先承包权、优先承租权等。在性质上,民事优先权既不能笼统地归入实体权利或程序权利,也不能简单地归入物权或债权。民事优先权也不只是权利的一种效力,而是一种新型的、独立的民事权利。     

非营利组织及其近义名词：语词变幻的背后

在中国诸多与"非营利组织"词义相近的名词,为争夺官方认可权和大众认可权展开了博弈.其中,"非营利组织"较"非政府组织"的后来居上,"公民社会"取代"市民社会","非营利组织"淘汰"非赢利组织"和"非盈利组织"--这种语词博弈的背后,反映出非营利组织这一西学理念在中国这样一个异质文化的环境中所遇到的引导、牵制和约束.     

A taxonomy of collaborative governance: a guide to understanding the diversity of international and domestic conservation accords

Partially in response to the increasing complexity of governance structures in the international environmental arena, international scholars have adopted a distinction between “Type 1” and “Type 2” international agreements. The former refer to agreements between governments, whereas the latter refer to agreements between governments and nonstate actors. While useful, this distinction offers only a partial taxonomy of the diversity of collaborative governance, and fails to incorporate “Type 3” dynamics among nonstate actors. As an initial attempt at sorting out the wide array of collaborative governance structures both domestically and across international borders, we propose a 3 × 3 matrix based on two typologies, one institutional (governmental, collaborative, nonstate), the other geopolitical (domestic, transborder, interstate/transnational). The result is a classification system of nine types of both domestic and international governance. In addition to identifying fundamental differences among the myriad forms of governance, the matrix reveals how the “softening of sovereignty” occurs in practice.

Legal origin and intellectual property rights: an empirical study in the prerecorded music sector

This article aims at identifying differences in copyright protection in prerecorded music markets, and more specifically the impact of the legal system on the demand for original music CDs. To this end, we use a panel of 28 OECD countries in the period 1999–2005. After testing alternative specifications, our results show that differences in legal origin lead to differences in intellectual property rights enforcement. Our results also consistent with previous studies that find that common law countries have more secure property rights.

The Legal Situation on Stalking among the European Member States

Stalking became a subject of academic and social concern in Europe in the mid-1990s. Shortly afterwards the issue of legislation became the subject of debate in some countries and in 1997 the United Kingdom was the first European Member State that passed anti-stalking legislation. Denmark constitutes an exception because its Criminal Code of 1933 contains a provision which also deals with stalking. Other States that up to now have passed legislation against stalking in Europe are Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Malta, Ireland, Austria and, last in order of time, Italy. Where an anti-stalking law exists, legislators have introduced a new article into the existing Penal Code or have amended an article still in force for similar conduct, or have introduced a specific Act against Harassment or Domestic Violence which is intended to cover not only such conduct but also stalking. In the remaining European countries where an anti- stalking law does not exist, it is possible to prosecute stalking only when the behaviour amounts to crimes prosecutable under other existing norms. This article analyses legal regulations on stalking across European Member States in civil and criminal justice considering specific laws addressing the phenomenon or, alternatively, other laws under which stalking can be prosecuted. In the conclusions some advantages and disadvantages of European anti-stalking laws are discussed and some suggestions are given for future work in order to improve the protection of the victims of stalking.     

走向独立社团:中国工会发展之进路选择

中国工会在不同的历史阶段,发挥了不同的社会作用,与同期的政府先后形成了相互对抗、相互依附的关系。在当今转型社会中,计划经济时代形成的工会组织与政府之间的依附关系,已经严重影响工会作用的发挥;而职工利益保护和公共行政改革要求重塑工会作为社会团体的独立地位,现行立法也为之提供了可能性。同时,工会组织独立性的塑造也要求其代表和维护职工的合法权益这一基本职能的进一步明确。     

论民事诉讼程序参与原则

从权利的角度说,"程序参与原则"旨在保障当事人及相关第三人的"程序参与权"(包括诉讼知情权、诉讼听审权),因而属于"正当程序保障"的范畴。在民事诉讼中,程序参与原则普遍适用于争讼程序、非讼程序和执行程序及裁定程序,但适用情形和具体要求各有不同。作为法律原则,若当事人及相关第三人和法院违反程序参与原则的,均产生相应的法律后果并有相应的纠正程序或救济程序。     

论证据收集力强弱与证明责任轻重

证据收集力强弱与证明责任轻重的平衡是当前民事诉讼中迫切需要解决的问题。本文阐释了民事诉讼中强化当事人证据收集力的趋势,程序结构视野中的两种证明责任观,分析了证据收集力强弱与证明责任轻重的错位现象,并提出导入证据开示制度,提升当事人证据收集力,平衡当事人证据收集力强弱与证明责任轻重的观点。     

A Comparison of Civil and Criminal Orders of Protection as Remedies for Domestic Violence Victims in a Midwestern County

Past research has identified many potential advantages of civil protection orders as a means of addressing domestic violence without invoking an official response of the criminal justice system. Using data from a Midwestern county, this exploratory study provides a comparison of civil protection orders with orders of protection that are filed in conjunction with a criminal battering arrest. We examine the demographic characteristics of the respondents/defendants and petitioners/victims, the nature of the abuse leading up to the filing of the protection order, the reasons for filing, the terms of the order, location of the offense, and violations of orders. Our findings reveal many similarities between types of orders, in terms of order stipulations, past abuse histories of petitioners/victims, and respondents/defendants’ likelihood of reoffending. The findings also reveal an important difference in the petitioners’ and victims’ reasons for filing; whereas petitioners in civil cases were more likely to identify emotional abuse as the factor leading up to issuance of the order, victims in criminal cases were more likely to document physical abuse. We discuss these findings in the context of victim preference.     

民事诉讼审前准备程序的完善

审前准备程序是民事审判的重要组成部分,对于提高诉讼效率、确保民事诉讼公正具有十分重要的意义。本文以审前准备程序的程序价值为基础,通过对我国审前准备程序存在弊端的考察,提出了完善我国审前准备程序的建议。