加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力的发展

以243名10-18岁儿童为被试,研究了加工速度和工作记忆与儿童心算能力发展的关系.验证性因素分析表明,加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力之间存在显著的相关.结构方程建模表明这种显著相关的实质在于三者之间可能存在一个递进式发展过程,即工作记忆能力几乎可完全解释儿童心算能力的发展变化,而加工速度可解释2/3的工作记忆能力的发展变化.这表明工作记忆是心算能力发展的基础,而加工速度可能是工作记忆能力发展的基础,但后者尚需要进一步验证.     

“一对一”贿赂犯罪侦查的认知脑电测谎

贿赂犯罪特点是犯罪过程预谋化、犯罪手段隐秘化、犯罪心理复杂化。研究认为贿赂涉案者的犯罪准备周期长、过程复杂增加了认知负载,有利于诱发案件相关信息特征性的脑电位;贿赂犯罪行为隐秘、涉及人—钱—物等记忆强度大使监控脑电变得相对困难,但有利于将特定的与案件相关特征性的脑电位和特定犯罪人相联系;贿赂涉案者被测谎时涉案认知预备增强、对贿赂行为的警觉性增高,使比对欺骗脑电更加容易。认知脑电测谎以其无法回避科学性强、准确率高、难以伪装等特点,为贿赂犯罪侦查提供了一种更加有效的新途径。     

行政指导的权力性——比较法和社会学意义上的考察

传统观点认为,行政指导是一种非权力行为,这一定论形成的深层次原因是日本法学从德国继受而来的分析法学传统。但通过社会实证分析,就会发现“事实上的强制力”和“给予好处”等保障机制使行政指导至少在一定范围内带有权力色彩,这也正是各国特别是日本加强对行政指导的法律控制的认识论基础。“非权力行为”的定性与高强度法律控制之间出现的悖论导源于两种方法论基础的冲突。     

对医学生医患关系认知教育的思考

医患关系认知教育既是破解当前医患关系紧张状况的现实要求,也是医学教育的重要内涵。我国医学生医患关系认知教育尚处于起步阶段,亟需加以完善。改进医学生医患关系认知教育,要实现医患关系认知教育的机制化;梳理教育内容,突出重点抓住关键;构建有机协调的课程体系,发挥出教学的主渠道作用。     

The Effects Of Children'S Age and Delay on Recall in a Cognitive or Structured Interview

The study examined; (i) whether the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) would aid event recall when used with children, (ii) whether the effects of a delay between the witnessed event and interview would have an impact on the effectiveness of the ECI, (iii) whether the age of the child would have a bearing on the effectiveness of the ECI, and (iv) which category(ies) of event recall might be effected. Thirty-two 8 to 9 year old children and thirty-two 11 to 12 year old children were shown a video recording of a staged shoplifting. Half were interviewed four hours after viewing the event and half after a six day delay. Children were interviewed individually using either the ECI or a structured interview (SI). Those interviewed using the ECI recalled significantly more correct details (especially detail pertaining to actions) with no increase in the reporting of erroneous information. The ECI was found to be a reliable interviewing technique regardless of age and delay.     

Effects of Drug Treatment Units in Swedish Prisons

This article presents the findings from an evaluation of the care provided at treatment units for drug abusers in Swedish prisons. A total of 741 inmates who were placed in prison treatment units in 2006 are compared with individuals with whom they were matched on the basis of their statistical risk for reoffending, and who served prison terms during the years 2001–2002. Half of the inmates in the treatment group were placed in units working with a 12-step programme, while the remainder were placed in treatment units employing cognitive programmes. The study shows positive results with respect to reoffending. The greatest differences were found in the following subgroups: males, inmates who were at least 30 years of age, those who completed their stay in a treatment unit, and those who had spent at least 4.5 months in a treatment unit.     

The Injustice of a Felony Conviction for Offenders Under Age Twenty‐One: A New Option for the Courts to Save Our Youths’ Futures

When the Criminal Justice System adjudicates an individual felony offender, it complicates many aspects of that individual's life; from applying for colleges, and jobs to attempting to become contributing member of society. In New York, to prevent seven‐ to sixteen‐year‐old youth who commit felony offenses from becoming felony offenders, the courts prosecute them as juvenile delinquents or juvenile offenders. In the United States, individuals under the age of twenty‐one cannot purchase alcohol or tobacco and cannot get married without parental consent, but they can be charged with a felony. Before and even after reaching the age of twenty‐one, individuals are still in need of guidance, support, education, employment, and stability as brain development is still ongoing. To help protect those who have not reached the age of twenty‐one, states should implement Senior Youthful Offender Hearings as proposed in this Note. This hearing is a two‐part hearing: (1) determine if an individual should be considered eligible for the protections under the current Youthful Offender Laws and (2) determine sentencing and alternatives to incarceration, focused on steering Senior Youthful Offenders on the right path.     

Enhancing the cognitive interview with an alternative procedure to witness-compatible questioning: category clustering recall

The Cognitive Interview (CI) is one of the most widely studied and used methods to interview witnesses. However, new component techniques for further increasing correct recall are still crucial. We focused on how a new and simpler interview strategy, Category Clustering Recall (CCR), could increase recall in comparison with witness-compatible questioning and tested if a Revised Cognitive Interview (RCI) with CCR instead of witness-compatible questioning and without the change order and change perspective mnemonics would be effective for this purpose. Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the CI or the RCI. Recalled information was classified as either correct, incorrect or confabulation. Although exclusion of the change order and change perspective mnemonics in the RCI group might have caused a slight decrease in recall during the last interview phases, the RCI group generally produced more correct information than the CI group, with a lower number of confabulations. Further analyses revealed CCR was largely responsible for this increase in correct recall. CCR is a very promising interview technique which allowed the interviewer to obtain more detailed information without additional questions and may have, in certain situations, several practical advantages over a questioning phase.     

Cognitive mobilization and electoral support for the Democratic Party in Hong Kong

The bases of electoral choice vary. Citizens differ in their ability to reason and make up their minds in different ways. Hong Kong appears to be the most likely case for the idea of cognitive mobilization, because of the the absence of socio-economic mobilization, the paucity of political mobilization, the novelty of partisanship, the high level of education, and the prosperous and easily accessible mass media. Findings on the legislative election in 1998, however, show that partisan attachment remains a powerful factor in electoral choice. Still, political information is more important as it broadens the basis of electoral choice. Specifically, the less-informed voters voted for the Democratic Party (DP) solely on the basis of partisan attachment. In comparison, the vote of the better-informed voters was broadly based, with evaluative factors overtaking partisanship in importance. This paper provides a contribution to the understanding of constrained elections in a partial democracy.     

黄地安消胶囊对糖尿病认知功能障碍大鼠神经保护作用及机制研究

目的 通过观察黄地安消胶囊对糖尿病认知功能障碍（diabetic cognitive dysfunction,DCD）动物模型神经保护及Bax/Bcl-2凋亡信号通路的影响,探讨黄地安消胶囊治疗DCD、改善学习记忆功能的作用机制。方法 采用腹腔注射STZ联合Aβ25-35双侧海马注射复制DCD动物模型,期间予以高剂量（12 g/kg）,中剂量（6 g/kg）及低剂量（3 g/kg）的黄地安消胶囊干预28 d,同时设立正常组、模型组以及二甲双胍和多奈哌齐组,每组10只。Morris水迷宫实验测试各组大鼠逃避潜伏期,大鼠尾静脉取血检测大鼠模型复制前及给药前后空腹血糖变化,苏木精-伊红染色观察各组大鼠海马神经细胞损伤情况,免疫荧光法观察各组大鼠海马Aβ清除情况,Western blot法检测大鼠海马神经细胞Bax、Bcl-2的蛋白表达量,qRT-PCR法检测Bax、Bcl-2的mRNA含量。结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠空腹血糖水平和逃避潜伏期明显升高（P＜0.05）,海马神经细胞损伤较重,Aβ沉积较多,Bax蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显升高（P＜0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显降低（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,黄地安消胶囊中剂量组具有最好的疗效,大鼠空腹血糖水平和逃避潜伏期明显降低,海马神经细胞损伤较轻,Aβ沉积较少,Bax蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显降低（P＜0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显升高（P＜0.05）。结论 黄地安消胶囊对DCD大鼠的学习记忆能力有明显改善作用,能够降低血糖,改善DCD大鼠海马神经细胞的损伤,清除Aβ沉积,其作用机制可能与调控Bax/Bcl-2凋亡信号通路有关。