Mixed evidence for a relationship of cognitive fatigue to political engagement

Daily cognitive fatigue is widespread, yet we are still learning about its influence on political behavior. Existing research suggests fatigue will reduce consumption of politics at the margin. Moreover, when fatigued individuals do engage with political material, they should be more likely to choose content and decision rules that require minimal effort. We find mixed empirical evidence for these claims. In observational data, we find a negative relationship between fatigue and engagement, on average, but the coefficients are typically small and statistically insignificant and we find substantial variation across different measures of fatigue. In three experiments, we find mixed evidence that manipulated fatigue reduces the demand for political content over sports and other non-political entertainment. In a fourth experiment, we find no evidence that manipulated fatigue shapes heuristic versus systematic processing. We discuss the limitations of our study, its relationship to existing work, and avenues for future research.     

上海交警群体的工作压力和缓解设想

面对繁重的工作任务和社会各界过高的期望,高付出、高责任、高要求的职业性质决定了交警必然承担着更大的工作压力。交警压力产生的原因是多方面的,既有外界客观因素的影响,也有内心冲突的制约,归纳起来主要源于认识障碍、个性障碍和人际障碍。缓解交警的压力,要通过调节群体和个体情绪,做好降压的除法、减法和加法。     

感觉与认知:经济发展水平与公共服务满意度的悖论逻辑

地区公共服务满意度,作为衡量公民公共服务获得感的有效载体,与当地经济发展紧密联系,但学界对两者之间的关系还存在分歧。通过解构公共服务满意度的特征,可以从时间、空间两个层面的视角来解释地方经济发展状况对公共服务满意度的影响。实证分析结果表明,在推进基本公共服务均等化的背景下,经济发展的差异会影响公民主体认知模式和社会资本的形成进而影响公共服务满意度。     

Spaced cognitive interviewing: Facilitating therapeutic and forensic narration of traumatic memories

Abstract

The evolution of the cognitive interview (CI) is reviewed from the original package of memory-enhancing techniques through to the revised (or enhanced) CI, and the cognitive approach now taught to police officers in UK. Many officers are reluctant to apply CI, particularly to traumatised victims. The traumatising effects of crime are examined in terms of immediate response and the potential for an acute stress response and post-traumatic stress disorder, with subsequent re-experiencing of dissociated traumatic memories in the form of intrusive, unwanted imagery. Traumatic memories are described, particularly their accuracy, detail and persistence. The therapeutic potential of prolonged experience of distress while narrating the content of traumatic imagery is explained. An approach to maximising the disclosure of dissociated detail - spaced cognitive interviewing (SCI) - is described and case material presented illustrating its forensic and therapeutic application. The practice and practical implications of SCI are summarised.     

Sexual coping,general coping and cognitive distortions in incarcerated rapists and child molesters

Abstract

Sexual coping, general coping and cognitive distortions were investigated in 25 rapists, 36 child molesters and 25 violent offenders. Rapists did not report more support for rape-supportive distortions than the violent offender comparison group. Child molesters scored higher than the other groups on the measure of molestation-supportive distortions, although mean scores were at the low end of the scale. Consistent with previous research, all offender groups reported ineffective coping styles and child molesters reported using more emotion-oriented coping than the non-sexual offenders. Child molesters but not rapists scored higher than violent offenders on deviant aspects of sexual coping, although mean scores were at the low end of the sub-scales. Evaluation of these comparisons was aided by effect sizes. The effect sizes reveal that there may indeed be differences between rapists and the comparison group with respect to cognitive distortions and sexual coping. Modest correlations were found between deviant sexual coping and cognitive distortions. The findings are interpreted in terms of etiological development and the sexual offence process.     

Dissecting the Attitudes of Political Science Students Towards Democracy and the 2004 Elections in Indonesia

Students’ attitudes towards Indonesia's transition from an authoritarian era to democracy varied from strong support for the democratic transition to nostalgia for the authoritarian era's strong leadership and economic prosperity. A sample of 317 students from three Indonesian universities was asked to rate the importance of political, economic, legal and social democratic principles. In addition to concerns about corruption, economic decline and security, students differed significantly centring on the importance of legitimate elections, representation, tolerance, accountability, human rights and gender equality. The majority of students were pessimistic about the elections; paradoxically some students optimistic about the general elections rated democratic principles the least important. After discussing the implications, political attitudes about democracy and elections were related to cognitive consistency and dissonance theory.     

South African election posters: Reflecting the maturing of a democracy?

Abstract

The South African democracy has survived three national and provincial elections and three local elections, since 1994. In comparison to other young democracies in Africa, South Africa has experienced a relatively stable transition to democracy. However, the ruling ANC has not been under pressure from opposition parties. Although this has helped pave the way, a dominant governing party does not necessarily encourage the growth of a mature, democratic political culture. The assumption of this article is that political parties in developing societies have a normative obligation to do more than canvas votes during election campaigns. Political parties should also be instrumental in fostering a democratic political culture by communicating democratic values, encouraging participation in the democracy and enabling voters to make an informed electoral choice. Although political posters contribute mainly to image building, the reinforcement of party support, and the visibility of the party, posters are the agenda setters or headlines of a party's campaign – it is therefore argued that political parties in developing societies also need to design political posters responsively, in order to sustain the democracy. In general it seems that the poster campaigns of parties have matured since 1999, in the sense that there was less emphasis on democratisation issues in the past, and the campaigns conformed more to the norm of Western political campaigning.     

论侦查人员的认知能力与量子技能

刑事侦查是一个不完备信息条件下的未知问题求解,而刑事侦查过程是一个综合智能实现的活动,通过这种综合智能活动完成侦查任务,得到满意的成效。文章基于刑事侦查的有限理性与实践意义,为完善侦查过程与侦查人员的知识体系提出了一个概念模型,即侦查人员的认知能力与量子技能。并且将刑事侦查过程建立在认知能力、量子技能和知识管理基础上,通过对刑事侦查过程中侦查人员应该具备哪些认知能力,认知能力的偏差对侦查过程和成效会产生哪些影响,以及如何在刑事侦查过程中建立量子技能,并且,通过侦查过程实践的自组织、自学习完善刑事侦查知识体系的构建。     

美国警察不当行为及其对策的解读——以认知合理化为视角

美国警察使其不当行为合理化有很多认知重建策略,如否定被害人,否认受伤,指责被害人,非人格化等。正是这些对警察不当行为的认知重建心理因素使美国的警察不当行为愈演愈烈。研究支配美国警察不当行为的心理因素,能够很好地理解和认识不当行为。美国应对警察不当行为的措施是建立不当行为早期预警体系,加强对不当行为的法律监督、媒体监督和公民监督,强化警察道德和品格教育等。     

“囧”流行的认知语言学阐释

从理想认知模型（ICM）和象似性原则看,＂囧＂的流行说明语言形式和所指意义之间是存在象似性的。正是理想认知模型的改变,使范畴成员的地位发生了改变,从而使处于边缘地位的＂囧＂一跃而成为典型成员,即原型。同时,不论是＂囧＂的古义,还是其现代意义,都能很好地说明语言形式与语言意义之间的象似性关系。