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111.
单亲案亲权鉴定结果判定策略 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
目的探讨用STR基因座进行单亲鉴定出现矛盾基因座时下结论的策略。方法根据基因频率和遗传规律,推导单亲案亲权鉴定时的非父排除率。根据平均单亲非父排除率和平均突变率,用二项分布公式分别计算出现不同数目矛盾基因座时真父和假父的概率和似然率(亲权指数)。结果对STR共显性基因座,其单亲非父排除率的计算公式为:PEM=∑i=n1pi2(1-pi)2 ∑i相似文献
112.
Robino C Barilaro MR Gino S Chiarle R Palestro G Torre C 《Journal of forensic sciences》2006,51(1):90-92
Microscopic examination of a blood clot expelled by a physically and mentally disabled woman taken to the emergency room because of genital bleeding revealed the presence of chorionic villi encircled by decidua, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In order to identify the father of the product of conception, sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded abortion material were subjected to laser microdissection: DNA extraction from chorionic villi selectively isolated from the surrounding tissues allowed successful STR-typing of fetal cells, which was otherwise prevented by excess maternal DNA. The large number of homozygous genotypes in the fetal profile suggested incestuous paternity. Analysis of reference DNA samples from male relatives excluded the woman's father, paternal grandfather, and maternal grandfather, whereas the obligate paternal alleles of the fetus were constantly present in the genotypes of the woman's brother, clearly demonstrating brother-sister incest (probability of paternity > 99.99999%). 相似文献
113.
In the last decade, computer-based systems for the comparison of microscopic firearms evidence have been the subject of considerable research work because of their expected capability of supporting the firearms examiner through the automated analysis of large amounts of evidence. The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, which is based on a two-dimensional representation of the specimen surface, has been widely adopted in forensic laboratories worldwide. More recently, some attempts to develop systems based on three-dimensional (3D) representations of the specimen surface have been made, both in the literature and as industrial products, such as BulletTRAX-3D, but fundamental limitations in achieving fully automated identification remain. This work analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of a 3D-based approach by proposing an approach and a prototype system for firearms evidence comparison that is based on the acquisition and analysis of the 3D surface topography of specimens, with particular reference to cartridge cases. The concept of 3D virtual comparison microscope is introduced, whose purpose is not to provide fully automated identification, but to show how the availability of 3D shape information can provide a whole new set of verification means, some of them being described and discussed in this work, specifically, visual enhancement tools and quantitative measurement of shape properties, for supporting, not replacing, the firearm examiner in reaching the final decision. 相似文献
114.
The average exclusion probability is a measure of efficiency in paternity testing; it refers to the a priori ability of a battery of tests to detect paternity inconsistencies. This parameter measures the capacity of the system to detect a false accusation of paternity. Traditionally, this average exclusion probability has been estimated as the probability of excluding a man who is not the father by an inconsistency in at least one of the studied loci. We suggest that this criterion should be corrected, as currently the presumed father is excluded when at least three genetic inconsistencies are found with the child being tested, not just one. This change of criterion has occurred because of the use of microsatellite loci, whose mutation rates are much greater than those of the coding genes used previously in paternity studies. We propose the use of the average probability of exclusion for at least three loci (not only one), as an honest measure of the combined probability of exclusion of several loci, and we propose an algebraic expression to calculate it. 相似文献
115.
116.
在刑事司法领域,人权保障是一个内涵丰富且不断发展的制度体系。既要保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权利,也要保障被害人的合法权利,同时注意二者平衡。1996年《刑事诉讼法》确认了被害人的诉讼主体地位,但由于缺少配套机制,导致实践中出现诸多问题。新《刑事诉讼法》在很大程度上完善了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的诉讼权利及其保护,但较少涉及被害人的权利保护问题。与普通刑事案件相比,死刑案件给被害人造成的伤害尤为严重,应当给予特别保护。 相似文献
117.
汉代经义决狱是以《春秋》、《诗经》等儒家经典中有关法律适用的记述,以及有关历史事件、客观事物的记述中所体现的"义理"判决案件,进而弥补当代立法之不足,发展、完善汉代法律的一种司法实践活动。经学理论是对先秦社会实践经验的总结,是集体智慧的结晶,具有公平、正义的成分。经义决狱的产生与汉代经学研究密不可分。经学研究的产生、兴盛为经义决狱的产生、发展提供了理论基础和社会基础。儒家经典中所体现的"义理"具有公平、正义、理性的特点,符合时宜、事宜之意,依之所作的具有拘束力的判决,进而形成有拘束力的判例、判令可称之为汉代衡平法。 相似文献
118.
119.
Franz Neuhuber Max P. Baur Jan Cemper-KiesslichBettina Dunkelmann Fabio Monticelli 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2012,6(1):121-123
A badly decomposed body required identification by means of DNA analysis. A brother and sister of the deceased were available as reference subjects. Although investigation of Y-chromosomal markers established an exclusion condition, autosomal markers suggested a positive identification. In order to increase the reliability of the tests, X-chromosomal markers were also investigated. This analysis showed the body to have an XXY genotype (Klinefelter's syndrome). A number of hypotheses were assessed using biostatistical methods, ultimately resulting in a definite identification. The special aspect of Klinefelter's syndrome proved highly useful for biostatistical analysis. 相似文献
120.
目的观察和分析STRtyper-10G系统9个STR基因座的突变特点。方法在7 707例肯定亲子关系的案件中,统计使用STRtyper-10G试剂盒(9个STR基因座)检测发现的突变事件,判断突变等位基因的来源,计算各基因座的突变率,分析突变特点。结果在9个基因座上共发现118个突变事件,均为1步突变;平均突变率为1.69×10-3(95%CI 1.40×10-3~2.03×10-3),各基因座的突变率介于0.78×10-3~2.84×10-3,父、母来源突变比例为9.64∶1;短、中、长等位基因的突变比值约为1∶8∶3,增加和减少重复单位的突变比值为1.29∶1。结论 9个基因座的突变率存在显著差异,实际检案时应结合各基因座的突变率进行PI值计算更为科学。 相似文献