英国律师制度沿革与法学高等教育简介

经过几个世纪的变迁,英国现在有出庭律师、事务律师和王室顾问等几个不同的律师职业阶层。这些律师工作的侧重点不一样,对专业知识的要求也不同,他们共同构成了英国律师界的一个有机整体。针对目前存在的是否需要将出庭律师与事务律师两种职业合并的争议,从历史的角度考证英国律师制度的发展沿革,介绍与之相关的英国法学教育和律师培训的一些特点,可以得出二者之合并不可能在一朝一夕完成的结论。     

Enacting multi-layered citizenship: Turkey’s Armenians’ struggle for justice and equality

Throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, Turkey’s Armenians have been subjected to a trade-off between the limited minority rights granted by the 1923 Lausanne Treaty and equal national citizenship. Traditionally a closed, depoliticized community, the citizenship practices of the Armenian minority have become increasingly differentiated in recent years. Building on a notion of citizenship as multi-layered and constituted through collective practice, this article investigates the implications of the political acts of Turkey’s Armenian minority on sub-national and national citizenship in Turkey. We show that Turkey’s Armenians are coupling rights demands, identification, normative references, and mobilization at the sub-national, national, and transnational levels in innovative ways, and are thereby negotiating different layers of citizenship in Turkey in a way that strengthens equal national citizenship.     

A Process Evaluation of a Kentucky Court Improvement Initiative

This article describes a court improvement initiative designed to promote uniformity and improved court practice with the ultimate goal of the improvement of outcomes for children and families. The article focuses on the results of interviews and focus groups conducted as part of the evaluation of this initiative. Twelve jurisdictions were purposively selected to exhibit a range of family court and non–family court jurisdictions in rural and middle‐sized locations. The discussion of the qualitative results focuses on changes in court practice and the impact of the initiative on case time.     

宪法事例教学研究

宪法事例,通常是指在宪政法制实践中发生的与宪政法治有关的各类社会事件。随着我国宪政法制建设的推进,现实生活中不断涌现鲜活的宪法事例,通过选取典型宪法事例、在教学中广泛贯穿一般宪法事例,可以弥补宪法学教学枯燥、抽象、政治色彩浓的不足,调动学生学习热情,培养学生理论联系实践的能力,并有助于对大学生进行公民素质教育。     

论谢觉哉对新民主主义宪政观的理论发展

谢觉哉是新中国民主宪政思想理论的奠基人之一。他在继承毛泽东所提出来的新民主主义宪政观的同时,还在多方面对此理论进行了宪法法理化的延伸和发展。他从宪法法理的角度阐发了新民主主义宪政的基础理论、阶级基础和基本原则,并对新民主主义宪政的历史使命和作用有所揭示。谢觉哉对新民主主义宪政理论的延伸、细化,推动了中国共产党的宪政理论学说体系,而这也成为谢觉哉宪政思想的精华及重大贡献之所在。     

从基础规范看现代立宪转型之道

效法西方国家立宪是后发现代国家的通例却往往效果不彰,如何诊断这一现代病就变得非常关键。凯尔森的基础规范概念为此提供了重要工具。文章由此出发,先是批判性重述这一理论,认为凯尔森内容中立的基础规范无法胜任从实然向应然转换的功能;进而探讨基础规范证立所经历的三阶段,这实际上构成了立宪转型的内在逻辑结构;之后考察49年《共同纲领》的立宪实践。最后再次回到立宪转型之功能,当代思想中有两个与之相对应的典型范式：契约合意与商讨合意。在检讨了康德所代表的契约合意论之后,文章最终指出,通过商讨合意来实现立宪转型是更为优选的理论范式。     

最高法院对外国法适用的上诉审查

最高法院位于一国司法体系的顶端,同时负有上诉终审裁判功能和发展法律的功能.最高法院是否应对外国法的错误适用进行上诉审查,各国实践和理论分歧甚大,从中可以概括出三种基本模式:拒绝审查模式、有限审查模式和全面审查模式.从最高法院的上诉裁判功能出发,为落实当事人的上诉救济权利,尤其是在我国二审终审和法官对外国法的查明和确定拥有主导权的语境下,最高法院应对外国法的错误适用进行上诉审查.外国法的适用与本国法律体系的发展并不割裂,相反两者具有实质关联,最高法院从其发展法律的功能出发,也应主动审查下级法院对外国法的错误适用.最高法院解释和适用外国法,有助于增进本国法律体系的包容和开放的精神.     

Responsibility to Protect or Right to Punish?

Abstract

This essay argues that the new global regime of R2P bifurcates the international system between sovereign states whose citizens have political rights, and de facto trusteeship territories whose populations are seen as wards in need of external protection. Under the direction of the UN Security Council, the International Criminal Court has become an integral part of the international R2P regime by allowing for the legal normalization of certain types of violence (such as Western counterinsurgency efforts), while arbitrarily criminalizing the violence of other states as ‘genocide’. In place of this unequal global regime, the essay concludes by arguing for an internally-driven process of political reform and legal reconciliation, as pioneered in South Africa.     

Constitutional Conventions and the Prince of Wales

The Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) held in Evans v Information Commissioner that certain correspondence between Prince Charles and government officials must be disclosed under freedom of information legislation. Much of the judgment was devoted to a discussion of the constitutional conventions applicable to Prince Charles, and the case provides a useful example of how conventions and laws can interact. In this note, I argue that the Upper Tribunal misunderstood how conventions are distinguished from one another, and misapplied the test for the identification of conventions.     

An analysis of traditional rules applied by Australian courts to establish personal jurisdiction and their application in e-commerce

This article analyses the jurisdictional principles employed by Australian courts in establishing personal jurisdiction in traditional settings and its extension to e-commerce cases. The Australian courts apply the court rules to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants. The article discusses these rules relating to serving process within and outside Australia and jurisdiction based on the submission of the parties. The adequacies of principles like forum-non-conveniens, forum selection clauses which are vital in the personal jurisdiction inquiry are analysed. The unique High Court decision in Dow Jones v. Gutnick is discussed and the approach followed by the court critically analysed to highlight the excessive exercise of personal jurisdiction. Other cases concerning the internet are also discussed to highlight the approaches followed to establish personal jurisdiction in internet and e-commerce cases. It is argued that the drawbacks highlight the need for legislation to regulate personal jurisdiction in e-commerce cases.