正义：我国行政决策的理性诉求

作为行政管理活动的首要环节和重要基础,行政决策解决了政治资源的定位和分配,从而决定着行政管理活动的方向及方式取舍,并以其特有的权威引导和保证社会发展的方向。政治正义性与合法性的原理要求我国的行政决策必须坚持正义的理性诉求。但由于权力寻租的存在,监督机制的不健全以及行政决策的技术基础不够理想,我国部分行政决策的正义性明显不足。要增强我国行政决策的正义性,必须从根本出发,完善行政决策的制度基础,提高行政决策的技术基础,扩大行政决策的社会基础。     

经验法则与接近正义--以民事诉讼为进路

经验法则是法官依照日常生活中所形成的反映事物之间内在必然联系的事理作为认定待征事实根据的有关法则.它包括从一般的生活常识到关于一定职业技术或科学专业上的法则.经验法则具有盖然性程度的差异性和内容上的无限性,法官运用经验法则可以发现事实和应用法律,创造善的规则体系,更好地实现接近正义.     

刑法中的正当化行为与犯罪构成关系的理性思考

与大陆法系、英美法系均将刑法中的正当化行为置于犯罪构成体系之中的做法所不同的是 ,刑法中的正当化行为是游离于我国传统的耦合式犯罪构成体系之外的一个“活泼元素”。这样的关系 ,与现代刑事法治的精神不相契合 ,实有认真检讨和改进的必要。英美法系双层次犯罪构成模式为刑法中的正当化行为的纳入 ,尤其是超法规的正当化行为的充分展开 ,不仅提供了极其广阔的空间 ,而且因赋予其程序要件的色彩 ,从而突出强调了程序正义的价值 ,推动了宪法在刑事领域的司法化。因之 ,借鉴英美法系双层次犯罪构成的结构模式 ,吸纳我国传统犯罪构成体系中的合理成份 ,实现经验与理性的沟通 ,应当成为改造我国传统的耦合式犯罪构成体系的努力方向。     

《钦定宪法大纲》内容解读

《钦定宪法大纲》只有"君上大权"和"附臣民权利义务"两部分内容,虽然带有浓厚的封建性,但通过对大纲具体条文的分析,我们可以看到,大纲的诸多条文仍不乏合理性、进步性和民主性,大纲在一定程度上带有资产阶级民主主义的内容,基本上是一个资产阶级的宪法性文件,其宪政色彩初露端倪。     

欧洲宪法法院给我国违宪审查制度建构的启示

违宪审查制度是人类政治与法治史上最重要的制度之一,也是现代国家限制国家权力、保护公民权利最有效的手段。我国应借鉴欧洲宪法法院违宪审查的经验,逐步建构我国的违宪审查制度,设立专门的宪法救济机构,规定公民个人作为启动宪法救济的主体,规定具体的宪法救济方法与程序,并在时机成熟时将那些侵害公民宪法权利的案件逐步交给普通法院解决。     

刑法的理性与宽容:面对联合行动权的行使

在当代中国,制度性疏导应当是解决社会矛盾、化解社会问题的基本选择。作为基本人权与宪法权利,联合行动权的存在与运行是实现国家与社会力量平衡的一种手段;联合行动权的行使本身凸显了某些社会问题的重要性与严重性,促使人们关注这类问题(包括规则本身)的严重性质与解决机制;宪法秩序范围内的联合行动权的行使可以起着社会安全阀的作用,它本身具有宣泄社会不满的功能并从根基上稳固社会。刑法在由联合行动权行使而引发的社会问题面前,应当保持基本的理性与宽容,包括立法的“犯罪化”、司法的“犯罪化”与“刑罚化”。     

How the court made a federation of the EU

We analyze the European institutional integration that took place in the 1950s and 1960s as a two-stage process. Firstly, an explicitly political project aims at establishing a European political community. The project is abandoned in the mid-1950s and political integration stops. At that time, the institutions of the Union take the form of a confederation. In a second stage, because of the failure of the European political community, a legal process of integration driven by the European Court of Justice takes place. This second stage of unification is more centralizing and in effect leads to a federalization of the European institutional structure. The transformation of the political structure of the European Union thus appears to result from the actions and decisions of a legal entity, the European Court of Justice.      

Justice Beliefs in School: Distinguishing Ultimate and Immanent Justice

This paper combines two recent developments in just world research: the conception of belief in a just world (BJW) as a resource for coping and well-being in everyday life, and the distinction between two different facets of BJW, namely belief in immanent justice (BIJ) and belief in ultimate justice (BUJ). Moreover, these two aspects are adapted to the school context and educational psychology. Scales for measuring ultimate and immanent justice in schools were developed within a German pilot reform project with a sample of 1274 pupils. The two facets could be distinguished by means of factor analysis. The reliability of the two scales is satisfactory, and their validity is confirmed by their differential correlational patterns. Results show that not every form of BJW automatically functions as a coping resource. In fact, only BUJ is able to protect pupils' mental well-being, whereas immanent justice can actually jeopardize well-being. Similarly, BUJ is associated with the perception of solidarity and learning enjoyment in class, whereas BIJ is more closely associated with the experience of rivalry and competition in class. Finally, the socialization of the two justice beliefs is considered. The cross-sectional data provide some evidence to suggest that friendly and supportive parenting styles can promote BUJ, whereas strict parenting styles may further BIJ. More longitudinal research is needed to obtain further insights into these phenomena.     

论法院对基本权利的保护

为公民基本权利提供保护,是现代国家合法性的重要来源。普通法院在基本权利保护中发挥着重要作用。德国虽然设立了宪法法院,但保护公民基本权利的职责仍主要由其他法院承担。在没有设立宪法法院的国家,通过普通法院更是为基本权利提供司法保护的唯一途径。我国法院应当通过三种方式为基本权利提供司法保护:如果法律有保护基本权利的具体规定,法院应当直接适用法律;如果法律对基本权利的保护只作了抽象规定,法院应当对有关抽象立法进行合宪解释之后予以适用;如果法律没有作出保护基本权利的任何规定,法院可以直接适用宪法的基本权利条款。     

Hacia una aproximación crítica entre el derecho constitucional y el derecho internacional

The state has traditionally been studied from an internal prism, a study which has been carried out by political or Constitutional law; or it has been studied from an external focus, in its relations with other states and supranational organizations; matter that was awarded to International Law. These categories are obsolete. New times coming from the effects of globalization force us to bring epistemological and axiological approaches from both disciplines. This is the reason, purpose and need for this paper, which is formulated from positions close to the criticism. The happiness of human being is the aim of policy and law, both state and international. So, it is necessary adopting different social tools to interpret critically the juridical reality.