论消费者保护视角下缺陷产品召回制度的完善

为确保企业履行产品安全保障义务,美国创设了缺陷产品召回制度,以促使企业承担社会责任、维护消费者利益与公共安全.美国的缺陷产品召回立法完善,召回主体和范围明确,在保护消费者人身和财产安全方面发挥着积极的作用.我国新修改的《消费者权益保护法》从保护消费者权益的角度,明确了产品召回与消费者权益保护的关系,但我国的产品召回机制,从立法到实施都具有相当的局限性,影响其功能的正常发挥.为保护消费者的利益,有必要检讨我国缺陷产品召回之规定.作为对现实的回应,应统一产品召回立法,明确产品召回主体的范围,扩大产品召回对象的范围,并在产品召回程序中完善消费者的参与,进而实现保护消费者权益、维护社会公共安全和稳定经济秩序之目的.     

Interpretación de normas internacionales de distintos ordenamientos bajo el acuerdo de obstáculos técnicos al comercio de la OMC

This study gives evidence through the International Comparative Law, two rules that come from standardization bodies of different nature, such as standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ASTM International (ASTM International), which are recognized in the international trade and domestic trade, but it plays erratically, being in some significant cases and not in others mandatory. Thus constituting real technical barriers to trade through discriminatory criteria, contrary to the provisions and spirit of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), of which Mexico, the U.S. and Canada are also part.     

消费者后悔权的道德风险问题研究

消费者后悔权是《消费者权益保护法》为平衡市场交易关系中因经营者强势地位而导致的消费者合法权益得不到有效保障而设立的倾斜保护制度。在实践中,消费者可能基于自身利益考虑而滥用后悔权,容易导致消费者道德风险问题,从而影响正常的市场交易秩序。要平衡消费者和经营者之间的利益关系,防止消费者滥用后悔权,就需要对消费者后悔权道德风险进行防范化解。     

“知假买假”:基于功能主义的评价标准构建与实践应用

关于"‘知假买假’者能否主张惩罚性赔偿",大部分既有研究属于形式主义争论,在说服力、精确度、合理性三方面存在不足,故应转向功能主义,重构评价标准。《消费者权益保护法》第55条第1款的制度功能为威慑与制裁。由法经济学理论与实证结果可发现,知假买假者是上述两项功能的主要执行者。然而,他们的主张不应在所有场合都获得支持。基于威慑功能,应以知假买假能否帮助提升"被追责率"为判断标准,考察欺诈行为的隐秘程度与消费者相对于维权收益的维权成本;基于制裁功能,应以知假买假打击的欺诈行为是否具有较大负外部性为评价标准,考察欺诈行为造成不特定多数消费者人身损害的可能性及程度,以及对市场竞争秩序的破坏程度。将上述标准应用于实践,可将作为知假买假对象的欺诈行为区分为"强威慑强制裁""强威慑弱制裁""弱威慑弱制裁"三种类型,并予以区别对待,从而得出更妥当的处理结论。     

Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing,Gamete Donation,and the Law

Once thousands of dollars, direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) genetic testing has become affordable and readily accessible in recent years. The technology can reveal a wealth of information to consumers: health risks, ancestry composition, and connections to genetic matches through relative databases. However, the law has not yet regulated many aspects of this new technology. This article analyzes how the law should regulate DTC genetic testing within the context of gamete donation. It will argue that gamete donors’ privacy interests warrant state regulation of DTC genetic testing kits and their associated genetic relative databases. It will also explore how state regulation should balance the competing interests of gamete donors and of donor‐conceived individuals.     

当代中国青少年消费伦理异化研究

当代中国正在由一个产能不足,抑制消费的生产型国家向产能过剩、鼓励消费的消费型国家转变。在当前对外经济、文化交往的过程中,消费主义作为商业社会的核心价值观不可避免地输入我国,青少年的消费观和价值观日益被消费主义所扭曲,出现了诸多不健康的消费形态。在青少年中建立健康的消费伦理,需要学校与家庭的协同作用。     

六部门动态优化模型在吉林老工业基地产业结构优化升级中的运用

产业结构问题是我国当前亟须解决的重大问题,产业结构的优化升级是经济均衡增长的关键。在相关理论方法还不够完善的背景下,构建适合国情的产业结构动态优化的理论与方法,为我国的结构调整提供有价值的参考,将具有深远的理论与实践意义。产业结构动态优化模型体系与吉林省的实证研究相结合,可以发挥区域优势,以科技进步促进产业的结构升级,解决供需结构失衡的深层矛盾。     

论消费欺诈诉讼案件证明难题的化解路径——以一个《最高人民法院公报》案例为样本的分析

消费欺诈诉讼案件中对欺诈事实的证明责任分配依规范说应由消费者承担,不应由法官裁量证明责任来改变法定的证明责任分配。法官自由裁量权应在证明评价与自由心证等环节加以运用。疑难案件的解决应坚持在严格遵循法定证明责任分配原则的基础上,通过司法实践生成诉讼证明的具体规则的路径来加以解决。     

Computer game licences: The EULA and its discontents

This article considers the legal efficacy of terms found in the end-user licences (EULAs) of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs). The article focuses on selected terms in the EULAs of well-known MMORPGs, Everquest and Runescape as well as a more recent MMORPG, Path of Exile. Although there are many examples of inappropriate and unenforceable terms in EULAs, computer games provide a particularly salient example. Eager for access to a game, players accept the EULA without question and, unaware of their rights or keen to avoid costly litigation, rarely challenge the terms. Given the value of the games industry to the international economy, the article recommends that international guidance for EULA content is needed.     

网购合同协议管辖条款纷争化解路径探析——从优化营商环境之诉源治理视角

在电子商务迅速发展的今天,格式合同因其简单、快捷的特点得以广泛适用。与此同时,格式合同中有关协议管辖条款的效力争议问题在逐年增多,且相应的司法裁判尚未统一。因此,有必要寻求消费公益诉讼与协议管辖格式条款争端问题的契合点,推动消费公益诉讼制度在该问题上的广泛应用。在引入该制度的过程中,需适当增加消费公益诉讼程序启动的法定主体,推行格式条款协议管辖的“黑名单”制度,并对格式条款公益诉讼的溯及力规范予以重构,从而化解网络购物合同之协议管辖权分歧,实现经营者与消费者的良性互动。