Standardisation: A tool for addressing market failure within the software industry

Despite the maturity of the software industry, empirical research demonstrates that average software quality, when measured through the presence of software defects, is low. Such defects cause a wide array of issues, not least in the form of vulnerabilities, which support a multi-billion pound a year industry of fraud in cyber crime. This paper suggests that this is the result of market failure stemming from two factors: the first is that information asymmetry prevents the establishment of software quality prior to purchase; whilst the second is that the legal provisions available under private law are unable in their current form to adequately address software liability issues. On that basis this paper proposes the use of standardisation as a tool to address both of these shortcomings by providing an industry benchmark against which software quality can be ascertained, as well as forming a legal tool for determining causation for the purposes of establishing legal liability.     

笔迹的多层次及其在检验中的应用

在笔迹检验中,以笔迹多层次属性为基础,才能正确认识笔迹,分析笔迹,系统开展笔迹检验。文章从笔迹形成的多层次和笔迹特征的多层次两个方面系统研究笔迹内在的多层次性,探讨了多层次属性在文件物证检验中的应用,对笔迹检验理论的丰富和检验技术的提高都有着重要的意义。     

论破产中尚未履行完毕的合同

尚未履行完毕的合同在破产中的处置,有不可自由选择和可自由选择两种。不可自由选择的合同的范围,主要是出于维护交易安全和保护合同当事人的预期而划定,如委托合同、附所有权保留的买卖合同、房屋租赁合同和知识产权许可使用合同等。对可自由选择的合同,完善的破产立法一方面应规定选择权,明确其性质,另一方面也应区别不同情形对其做适当的限制,在追求破产财产最大化的同时兼顾合同债权人利益的保护。在上述各个方面,我国《破产法》均有改进的余地。     

An exploration of testamentary behaviour in twentieth-century Ireland

This article highlights trends in testamentary behaviour in modern Ireland derived from registers of probate cases. Primary findings show a consistently high level of intestacy in modern Ireland. It argues that such rates were more closely related to popular perceptions rather than an understanding of succession law. It also highlights that while real property was not normally divided pre-mortem transfer of non-fixed assets complicated efforts to understand how estates devolved. Testamentary behaviour also shifted significantly in favour of pious bequests in the period under review.     

论政府的信息形成权及当事人义务

在政府信息公开问题背后,隐藏着另外一个重要问题——政府信息的来源和收集。政府具有信息形成权,其合法性基础在于正确行政决策和信用社会建构以及政府保护私人权利和公共利益之管制权的有效运用的需要。政府具有自主形成信息的权力,也对公民、法人和其他组织享有强制性信息申报请求权、信息强制保留请求权、信息强制披露请求权、信息调查权、信息档案形成权和保持权、信息技术使用权、获得信息预算支持权以及对违法信息收集的制裁权。政府的信息形成权的运用也给相关当事人带来了负担和义务,因此在信息领域应妥当处理政府公共权力与私人权利的平衡关系及合理地运用平衡技术。     

对当前农村治安问题的调查与思考

农村治安是全国治安问题的重要组成部分,农村和谐、稳定是农村发展的基础。加强农村治安管理不仅是一个社会问题,也是一个经济问题和政治问题。基于一个行政村的调查,以最为严重的农村盗窃治安问题为例。分析其随着农村人口结构和社会环境的变化,在犯罪时间、对象、形式、主体和损失程度等方面出现的新问题与成因,提出加强农村治安管理的基本前提、治本之策、治标之策和经验借鉴。     

中国“黑社会”透析

黑社会性质组织犯罪和各种黑恶势力犯罪是当前我国一种非常突出和严峻的社会现象,严重地影响到我国的社会治安和市场经济的正常运行,是必须大力解决的一个社会问题。分析、解剖“黑社会”犯罪的基本状况、严重的社会危害性和产生、发展的原因,将有助于我们制定预防和控制黑社会性质犯罪的科学对策。     

Universities and State Policy Formation: Rationalizing a Nanotechnology Strategy in Pennsylvania

Technology‐based economic development programs have become a salient feature of the state policy landscape since the 1980s. While much research exists on the topic, little attention has been given to the processes of policy formation. State programs have moved towards high technology areas emphasized at the federal level over the past decades, and nanotechnology became one of the latest targets. This paper examines the eight‐year process through which Pennsylvania adopted a “state‐wide strategy,” culminating in the Pennsylvania Initiative for Nanotechnology. In this process, programs that responded to the interests of multiple agents came first, and a state policy was formulated after the fact. This pattern of “rationalized policy formation,” as opposed to rational policy formation, may be more common than suspected. Its strengths and weaknesses in this Pennsylvania case are discussed.     

民法典视野下担保合同效力的制度变迁

从担保行为历史、担保合同效力立法、司法实践的角度考查,担保制度经历了从人格向契约、再由契约向政策的变迁,各阶段的效力规定均体现了特定的社会背景并具有时代适应性.民法典对保证及物权担保合同中主从合同的效力关系进行了统一规定,其法定主义立场重申了对担保秩序稳定性的价值追求,反映了立法者在面对日新月异的担保现实时追求公平的整...     

心理契约管理与员工激励

心理契约研究是近年来影响很大的一个组织行为学专题,员工与组织在心理上通过相互影响和讨价还价,建立、并反复重新建立起有效的心理契约,它本质上是一种隐含的、非正式的、未公开说明的相互期望,是决定员工态度和行为的重要因素。心理契约管理是员工激励的基础工作和保证,在心理契约管理过程中要注意招聘过程中信息传递的真实性,建立学习型心理契约及实施科学的职业生涯管理,提高心理契约的对等性,从而提高组织的竞争力。