Tensions between congress and the executive in nineteenth-century Argentina: federal intervention and separation of powers

SUMMARY

This article analyses the debates that took place in the Congress of Argentina between the enactment of the constitution in 1853 and the end of the century, regarding the powers of the executive and legislative branches for intervening in the provinces in case of internal conflict or external attack. It focuses on the controversies arising from different bills submitted to congress in order to enact a general intervention act to resolve, once and for all, the powers of each branch in that matter. Although those bills did not pass, a study of them shows the existing disagreements about the operation of the federal system and the separation of powers. Some of the differences were linked to the discussion of American constitutional doctrine in which Argentina had been engaged since the mid nineteenth century in order to solve the dilemmas of organizing its political institutions. This article claims that this analysis contributes to ongoing debates on the roots of political conflict in Argentina by showing the importance of institutional controversies, and argues that it is necessary to address the role of congress and of doctrinal dissent in order to revise the role that historiography has given to the disputes over power as an overall explanation for political confrontations.     

论我国公司瑕疵设立法律效力的路径选择

我国公司法对于公司瑕疵设立制度尚无完善的成体系的规定。鉴于瑕疵设立的公司对社会经济生活的消极影响,在借鉴其他国家立法及理论的基础上,研究适合我国国情的公司瑕疵设立制度有重要意义。笔者通过对公司瑕疵设立法律效力的比较和我国公司瑕疵设立制度现状的分析,提出如下建议:我国在公司瑕疵设立的效力上应采取公司瑕疵设立有效的一般原则;以不建立公司瑕疵设立无效制度为宜;明确规定公司瑕疵设立的行政撤销情形作为公司瑕疵设立有效原则的例外,并在此理念下进一步完善公司瑕疵设立制度的各项具体规定。     

从撤诉到契约:当代中国行政诉讼和解模式之转型

近年来,各地人民法院在审判实践中广泛开展了行政诉讼协调和解工作,我国已经事实上存在了行政诉讼和解制度,学界将这种由人民法院建立的行政诉讼和解制度归结为撤诉模式。但是,这种和解制度存在着法律缺陷,实践中也出现了一系列问题。为了解决撤诉模式所面临的困境,本文提出了当代中国行政诉讼和解应当实现由撤诉模式向契约模式转型的观点。     

On the Historical Position of Ecological Civilization*†

Ecological civilization is not a new form of civilization that will replace the current industrial civilization, but a basic structure or factor running through all forms of civilization (from hunting and fishing society to agricultural, industrial, and then information civilizations). Information civilization is a new form of civilization following industrial civilization. Only after a new ecological civilization has been achieved will it be possible to sustain an information society.     

合同法交易习惯之司法适用

在合同条款的内容存在争议或者合同出现漏洞时,适用交易习惯解释合同来确定当事人问的权利义务内容是各国普遍承认的解释规则.我国《合同法》也确认了交易习惯的重要地位,不仅在总则中将交易习惯确定为解释合同的原则标准,且在分则中规定了大量根据交易习惯解释合同的具体条文.但何为交易习惯,交易习惯的法律性质、认定方法以及如何适用交易习惯解释合同,《合同法》并未明确规定.审判实务中,对交易习惯的司法认定更是存在诸多争议,交易习惯未能在司法实务中凸显其重要作用,对交易习惯的构成和适用规则进行探讨实属必要.     

The Possibility of Lawful Act Economic Duress: Pakistan International Airlines Corp v Times Travel (UK) Ltd

The voidability of a contract procured by ‘economic duress’ is now well-established, but the precise boundaries of the doctrine remain contested. In Pakistan International Airlines Corp v Times Travel (UK) Ltd [2021] UKSC 40, the Supreme Court confronted the longstanding controversy as to whether a threat to perform a lawful act can provide grounds for a threatened party to avoid a contract for economic duress. This note argues that the Court's decision to affirm the existence of ‘lawful act duress’ is welcome. It is further argued that the specific kind of lawful act duress identified by the majority and relevant to determining the appeal, described as ‘deliberate maneuvering via illegitimate means’, provides helpful (and defensible) clarification of the content of this doctrine, and that the Court was correct to hold that the contract in Times Travel was not voidable on this basis.     

高校债务化解之我见

部分高校债台高筑,究其原因,大多是在寻亲发展过程中资金短缺造成的.既要发展,又要还债,加之沉重的利息负担,无法自救.高校这一财务风险,应该从内部和外部两个方面入手,对内加强财务管理,开源节流;对外争取财政大力支持,吸收社会捐助,置换土地等等.     

21世纪中国哲学走向概述

对21世纪的中国哲学走向,学界的看法有多种.关于新世纪哲学的形态,主要有一方主导多元并存、融合说、文化哲学、世界哲学等四种观点;关于新世纪哲学的特点,争论主要集中在哲学思维方式、哲学内容、哲学话语和功能等方面.     

邓小平理论是中国特色社会主义理论体系的奠基之作

文章着重探讨邓小平理论产生的国内国际背景以及形成过程,分析邓小平理论的特点和内在逻辑,勾划邓小平理论的科学体系.阐明邓小平理论的历史地位.     

江泽民“三个代表”思想探析

江泽民“三个代表”思想是形势发展的需要,是马克思主义与时俱进理论品质的逻辑必然,是党的集体智慧的结晶,具有科学的内涵。其历史地位表现在:它是邓小平理论的新发展;它在新的形势下进一步明确了党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源;它是共产党人的哲学,既是理论的概括,又是行动的指南。