论海上保险中的代位求偿权

代位求偿权是海上保险中保险人的一项重要法定权利。由于我国没有采取独立的海上保险法的立法模式 ,有关代位求偿权的问题见于《保险法》、《海商法》和《海事诉讼特别程序法》之中 ,需要整体综合进行理论探讨 ,并结合我国实际情况 ,参照国际立法经验 ,予以健全和完善。     

维护失业女工的生育保险权益——各省市《失业保险条例》和《生育保险条例》研究

目前中国只有部分省市在其《失业保险条例》或《生育保险条例》中明确保证了失业女工的生育保险权益,大多数省市还不能明确保证,不利于维护失业女工的生育保险权益。国家颁布的《失业保险条例》或《生育保险条例》应该确保失业女工享受生育保险,各地在制定出台相关规定时,也应该主动关照失业女工的生育保险权益。     

Governable catastrophes: a comment on Bougen

Bougen's analysis of catastrophe insurance has considerable and damaging implications for the 'risk society' thesis. First, it outlines how insurance 'imaginaries' render even catastrophic and 'incalculable' modernization risks insurable. It also highlights the fact that such insurance has been mobilized and shaped by specific forms of political rationality, something which falls beneath the gaze of grand theory. Finally, the paper indicates that risk and uncertainty - far from being mutually exclusive - are frequently assembled together into governing technologies, and that uncertainty may denote a variable set of technologies through which catastrophes can be and are managed.     

FHA restructuring proposals: Alternatives and implications

Abstract

This article evaluates problems of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) under its current structure, develops criteria for judging alternative structures, and suggests one alternative—an assigned risk pool—that encourages efficiency in the insurance function while still promoting low‐ and moderate‐income housing. A historical introduction explains how the current institutional relationships came about and created FHA's problems.

FHA's decline resulted from the mixing of a heavy social agenda with the basic insurance objective, a destructive reorganization of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that caused FHA to lose control and focus, and government's inherent inability to respond to market signals. Yet the economic rationale for government involvement in FHA functions is strong. An FHA organized as an independent government agency, a government‐sponsored enterprise, or even a privatized entity structured as an assigned risk pool could improve efficiency of underwriting, pricing, and administration while achieving the redistributional objectives.     

Microfinance and Poverty in Bolivia

Both in its institutional range and in its penetration of financial markets, the microfinance sector in Bolivia rivals any in the world, and has played a major part in extracting the macro-economy from meltdown since the mid-1980s. We seek specifically to assess its impact on poverty, and do this through small-sample surveys on four microfinance institutions, two urban and two rural, using a range of poverty concepts: income (generated both through the borrower's enterprise and through the labour market), asset holdings and diversity, and various measures of vulnerability. All the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels, with income impacts correlating negatively with income on account of poor households choosing to invest in low-risk, low-return assets. Microfinance may, however, augment vulnerability: average debt-service ratios of microfinance clients are disturbingly high, and if the coping mechanisms used by borrowers fail, borrowers may be forced out of the microfinance system, possibly resulting in decapitalisation and impoverishment. Poorer households are more restricted in their choice of coping strategy, and many as a consequence 'choose' coping strategies more likely to jeopardise their long-term income prospects, in particular asset sales and cuts in children's schooling. The more successful low-income borrowers are those who have voluntary savings deposits and do not rush into fixed capital purchases too early: collapse back into poverty is associated with multiple crises and the failure of one or more 'safety nets', in particular of one or more 'safety nets', in particular support from a member's solidarity group. The following actions appear to be promising for the further reduction of poverty in Bolivia: stronger efforts to mobilise rural savings, removal of lower limits on loan size, and the introduction of appropriate insurance mechanisms. In comparison with other anti-poverty measures, microfinance appears to be successful and relative cheap at reducing the poverty of those close to the poverty line, but ineffective, by comparison with labour-market and infrastructural measures, in reducing extreme poverty.     

发达经济体中小企业信用保证保险制度比较研究

中小型企业是国民经济发展的中坚力量,融资难则是制约其快速发展的瓶颈问题。而美国、日本、韩国与中国台湾省等发达经济体在长期信用保证与保险的发展实践中,建立了较为完善的中小企业信用保证与保险制度,积累了通过发展信用保证保险来化解中小型企业融资难题的经验,值得学习借鉴。     

农村资金互助社实践中的法律风险分析

农村资金互助社作为微型金融组织面临潜在的法律风险,诸如机构设立,主体管理、内部治理及监管等。因其缺乏法律法规规定或者规定不明确,导致一些金融活动无章可循,市场秩序混乱。因而加强相关法律法规建设,完善组织治理结构、规范组织运营,建立担保与信用制度,加强组织监管与金融生态环境建设,防范各种金融法律风险是理性的选择。     

试论机动车第三者责任强制保险的防灾防损功能

一般认为,机动车第三者责任强制保险(以下简称强制三责险)乃是加强被保险人的赔偿能力,进而赔偿交通事故受害者损失的事后补偿机制。但却常常忽略该制度在积极预防和减少交通事故及损失方面所具有的独特功能。事实证明,导致交通事故最主要的原因是交通行为参与人的过失因素,因此促进人们交通行为的谨慎与规范是改变我国道路交通安全状况的根本出路。鉴于人“趋利”的本性,强制三责险可以通过合理设置责任限额,实行弹性费率等手段,利用经济杠杆有力地推动当事人规范其交通行为,进而保障交通安全。     

保险代位权在不足额保险中的行使——对被保险人优先原则的质疑及比例原则的建立

保险代位权的目的在于维护保险人的权益。在不足额保险中,当作为保险事故责任人的第三人的财产不足以同时满足保险人的代位请求权和被保险人未得到补偿部分的损害赔偿请求权时,关于被保险人和保险人对第三人的请求权是否有先后顺序的问题,立法上大致存在三种操作模式：被保险人优先原则、保险人优先原则和比例原则。被保险人优先原则存在理论上的缺陷和操作上的不便。比例原则不仅有民商法基本理论的支撑,而且对于维护公平正义以及防止被保险人的投机行为有着重大作用。     

收入、健康与医疗保险对老年人幸福感的影响

本文使用中国9个省、2200名55岁以上老年人的微观调查数据,主要检验了收入水平、健康状况与医疗保险对主观幸福感的影响。Ordered Logit回归分析结果表明：收入增加能够显著提高城镇老年人的主观幸福感,收入差距的影响不显著;对农村老年人而言,收入的作用不明显,而收入差距则有显著的负向影响。心理健康和城乡老年人幸福感呈高度的正相关,记忆力、日常生活自理能力等身体健康因素也具有显著的正向影响。公费医疗显著提高农村老年人的幸福感,城镇职工医疗保险和合作医疗分别对城镇和农村老年人幸福感具有积极的作用。总体上,城镇老年人的主观幸福感高于农村,东部老年人幸福感高于中部,中部高于西部。因此,增加老年人的收入水平,完善老年人医疗保险制度,并逐步协调城乡和地区经济发展,有助于从整体上提高老年人的幸福感。