非法占有目的司法推定的混乱与匡正——以集资诈骗罪为例

非法占有目的作为主观要素,在认定的时候通常采用司法推定的方式进行,我国将推定的事实基础在司法解释中予以明确规定。但是从宏观角度看,这些规定违反了主、客观关系,违反了责任原则,有客观归罪之嫌;从微观角度看,这些规定出现了很多的不合理结论,给司法实践带来了极大的混乱。在司法推定中应当注重行为作为推定基础事实的作用,在规定上应当采用肯定要素和否定要素相结合的推定模式。     

ESCAPING CRIME: THE EFFECTS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT VICTIMIZATION ON MOVING*

This article investigates the impact of criminal victimization on household residential mobility. Existing research finds that direct experiences with crime influence mobility decisions, such that persons who suffer offenses near their homes are more likely to move. The current study extends this line of inquiry to consider whether indirect victimization that involves neighbors also stimulates moving. The analysis uses the National Crime Survey to estimate multilevel models that incorporate data from individual households and their spatially proximate neighbors. The results show that the link between direct victimization and moving continues to hold after controlling for neighborhood context. Indirect property victimization also leads to moving, with effects about equal in size to those of direct victimization. In contrast, no evidence is found that violent victimization that occurs in neighboring homes influences mobility, probably because most of these events are nonstranger violence that provokes less anxiety for neighbors.     

试论洗钱犯罪与财产犯罪和职务犯罪的交融关系

洗钱犯罪与金融犯罪和职务犯罪有着密不可分的关系.洗钱犯罪不但直接扰乱经济秩序,而且还间接侵犯"上游犯罪"被害人的财产所有权.同时,在一定意义上,它又是"上游犯罪"的后续,严重侵害着社会管理秩序.因此,单纯地以其中的某一方面论及该罪的性质明显不妥.建议修改新刑法典第191条,从建立健全反洗钱保障体系,完善金融监管法律体系,加强反洗钱的国际合作等方面进行完善.     

《罪与罚》中的犯罪学思想

《罪与罚》是俄国作家费奥多尔·米哈伊洛维奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品。作品中，作家讲述了大学生拉斯科尔尼科夫面对生存和精神的双重困境。选择了铤而走险去杀人及其杀人之后和面对刑罚的心理过程的故事。从一个层面看，《罪与罚》是一部不朽的文学名著。从犯罪学的角度看，《罪与罚》中的犯罪学思想至今对我们仍有启示意义。犯罪学家加罗法洛曾将犯罪的概念划分为自然犯罪和法定犯罪两种，但是实际上这两种犯罪的界限并非泾渭分明。至于犯罪原因，拉斯科尔尼科夫的犯罪原因可以从犯罪的社会因素和心理因素来考察。犯罪预防的困难之一是如何预防再犯或累犯。     

论人体损伤程度鉴定的原则

《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》明确了损伤程度鉴定的标准和原则。等级分明的鉴定标准和充分考虑人体损伤程度鉴定的法律属性、与-瞄床诊疗的关系及实践经验的鉴定原则为司法鉴定活动提供了新的技术类法律规范。     

网络环境中不端行为的成因及治理对策

近年来，互联网正以惊人的速度在全球扩张。而利用网络传播非法信息，威胁国家政治稳定和社会安定的情况日益突出，通过网络从事色情、赌博及盗窃、诈骗等违法犯罪行为日益猖獗，网络黑客入侵、计算机病毒扩散等情况日渐严重。公安机关应加强网络监管，切实把握网上斗争的主动权，强化网络侦察，严厉打击各类涉网违法犯罪行为，着力加强对网络舆论介入式控制，引导网络健康发展。     

刑事政策视角下的犯罪未遂

无论是狭义的还是广义的犯罪未遂概念，都体现了特定的刑事政策因素。在对犯罪未遂的处罚上，经历了从结果责任到责任主义的发展和转变，这个过程体现了国家在刑事政策上的考虑。国家根据维护法的秩序和实现正义的要求，反映社会大众的普遍的法感情，将具有社会危害性的犯罪未遂纳入法的否定性评价范围并设置相应的刑罚，但同时又在处罚上采取了灵活的处理方式，其目的就是要实现国家维护秩序、预防犯罪的刑事政策目标。     

脱逃犯罪的动机分析

以获取自由为主导的脱逃需要是产生脱逃动机的基础。消极需要容易使罪犯产生脱逃动机，积极需要有时也会使罪犯产生脱逃动机。适宜的客观条件是产生脱逃动机的诱因，包括监管工作存在漏洞、改造环境不良，家庭、社会环境、经济条件和自然条件等。侥幸和过于自信、消极的意志品质、较高的智力水平、某些心理缺陷等心理特征则是产生脱逃动机的先决条件。     

我国前科制度的构建

由于我国刑法体系中前科制度的缺位,使得前科法律定位不明确。犯罪人受过刑事处罚后复归社会的法律地位与社会评价无法预测和控制,这不利于其重返社会、消除犯罪标签。因此,在现行刑法体系中建立完善的前科制度,可使刑罚的功能达到最大化,使刑罚的效果处于可控制的范围。     

Following the transfer of DNA: How far can it go?

The issue of DNA transfer is becoming increasingly important in crime scene situations, as DNA analytical techniques now detect tiny amounts. Whereas primary and secondary DNA transfers have been well studied, subsequent transfer steps have received much less focus. This study aimed to measure the detectability of a DNA source after multiple transfer events. Transfer of wet blood gave a full genetic profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on both cotton and glass substrates. Dry blood gave a full profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on glass only, but to a lesser extent than wet blood. Touch DNA only produced a full profile on the primary substrate on both cotton and glass, and detectable quantities beyond the secondary transfer event on glass only. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the tertiary and subsequent transfer of DNA, which will allow for improved evaluation of the likelihood of alternative scenarios explaining why an individual's DNA was found at a crime scene.