An evaluation of the quality of impact assessment in the European Union with lessons for the US and the EU

Governments throughout the world are requiring greater use of economic analysis as a way of informing policy decisions. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the European Union, using US assessments as a benchmark. We find that recent EU impact assessments include more economic information than they did in the past, although important items are still missing. We also provide evidence that the quality of EU impact assessment increases with the expected cost of a proposal. Furthermore, we find that the quality of EU assessments that report high total costs is similar to that of US assessments.     

Dealmaking Disrupted: The Unexplored Power of Social Media in Negotiation

While social media has had profound effects in many realms, the theory and practice of negotiation have remained relatively untouched by this potent phenomenon. In this article, we survey existing research in this area and develop a broader framework for understanding the wider roles and effects of social media on negotiation. Through a series of detailed case studies, we explore how social media can drive important negotiations either off the rails or toward beneficial outcomes—and how savvy practitioners can harness this often‐neglected factor to their advantage, or else find themselves outmaneuvered by more digitally sophisticated parties. Applying the lens of the “3D negotiation” approach developed by Lax and Sebenius, we describe a number of potentially decisive roles that social media can play to enhance actions by negotiators “at the table,” with respect to deal design, and “away from the table.” In this 3D context, we show how social media can help negotiators learn about their counterparts (interests, perceptions, relationships, and networks), directly and indirectly influence the parties, mobilize supporters, and neutralize potential opponents. We show that being proactive—both in cultivating digital influence or allies and in building resilience to threats across online information ecosystems—can provide critical advantages for negotiators navigating a hyperconnected world. We develop a preliminary framework to help identify the full range of platforms, tools, and methodologies appropriate for the use of social media in negotiations, including network mapping software and open‐source intelligence techniques. Throughout our analysis, we stress the importance of ethical and privacy considerations.     

人工感染禽腺病毒血清4型对鹅天然免疫反应的影响

将50只30日龄的健康鹅随机分为攻毒组、观察组和对照组,观察并采集样品,检测抗体水平、病毒血症、病毒载量,应用real-time PCR(RT-PCR)方法检测肝、心脏组织中β-防御素(Av BDs)、Toll样受体(TLRs)、细胞因子(cytokines)等基因表达量。初探人工感染鸡源禽腺病毒血清4型(FAdV-4)对鹅的致病性及机体对该病毒形成的天然免疫反应机制。结果显示,感染该FAdV-4毒株后,鹅均没有明显病症和死亡发生。宿主产生特异性抗体,并且肝、心脏组织出现病理学变化,宿主排毒率和病毒载量呈上升趋势。感染早期(36 h和72 h),Av BD1、2、5、9、16,TLR2、3、7、15,IL-1β、2、6、8、18以及髓样分化因子(My D88)在肝中的基因表达量显著上调(P<0.05)或有上调趋势。证实,鸡源FAdV-4对鹅的致病性较弱,可能与实验动物品种、日龄差异或感染途径等条件有关。宿主可通过TLRs-My D88途径引起机体产生大量的免疫因子,参与机体抗病毒免疫反应。本试验结果为深入研究FAdV-4与宿主早期天然免疫间的相互作用提供了新的参考。     

基于内存中的网络传输数据结构获取电子数据

电子数据取证实践中,获取嫌疑人进行网络信息传输涉及的IP地址、端口号、MAC地址以及对应进程信息,有助于全面深入揭示嫌疑人网络犯罪行为。基于IPv4首部、sockaddr_in、_TCPT_OBJECT、Ethernet V2标准MAC帧等四种数据结构于内存中的具体格式,归纳总结用于定位相关结构的特征关键字,同时通过实例说明提取网络传输电子证据的方法,并对过程中涉及的具体技术与注意事项予以阐述。电子数据取证实践证明,所述方法准确高效。     

《婚姻法》第 17 条第 4 项立法之商榷———兼论婚后继承或受赠财产的权利属性

《婚姻法》第 17 条第 4 项关于婚后继承或受赠财产原则上为夫妻共同财产的规定，引发了立法、司法和社会生活中的诸多问题。从共同财产认定的法理基础、该条与《婚姻法》第 18 条第 3 项之间的法律困惑、法律在本土化过程中出现的错误、该条存在的法律漏洞以及与相关法律的冲突等角度进行分析，提出废除该条款的立法建议。     

A note on the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy and the New York times cover-up

This article reveals the role of research and development (R&;D) policies in the development of the technology-intensive industries of China. Since economic reform began in 1978, the Chinese government has transformed the R&;D system from one that was wholly centrally planned into a more market-orientated system, making it more efficient and productive. At the same time, the state, its incentives and its investment remain significant. The government has increased the R&;D expenditure rapidly, while trying to develop indigenous technologies. It has actively utilised foreign direct investment inflows as the means to introduce advanced technology from developed countries. It has also provided systematic guidelines and established the economic technology development zones and high technology industrial development zones, in order to channel foreign investment inflows into technology-intensive industries. China has placed emphasis on the development of human resources in science and technology as well. Finally, the implications of the role of government in developing technology-intensive industries are considered.     

贯彻党的十七届四中全会精神 提高社会主义学院教学科学化水平

党的十七届四中全会通过的<中共中央关于加强和改进新形势下党的建设若干重大问题的决定>对于社会主义学院建设具有重要意义.学习贯彻党的十七届四中全会精神,最重要的是"提高党的建设科学化水平".这一要求集中体现了中国特色社会主义理论体系对党的建设的指导作用.社会主义学院发展特别是教学工作面临的突出问题是提高科学化水平的问题,也要以科学理论来指导,以科学制度来保障,以科学方法来推进.     

提高大学英语四级完形填空成绩的策略研究

历次四级考试成绩分析结果表明,完形填空的得分普遍较低。许多学生反映,完形填空部分是他们在CET一4中感到最棘手的一项。因此,研究完形填空的出题角度及题型特点,指导学生掌握一定的解题技巧及应试策略,对于提高四级考试整体成绩具有重要的现实意义。     

A unified model of settlement and trial expenditures: The Priest–Klein model extended

Settlement and trial expenditures are crucially interrelated. The literature on settlement, however, takes no account of models of trial. In this paper, we develop a unified model of settlement and trial expenditures. We do this by discarding the usual assumption of settlement models that trial costs are constant across cases. Instead, we follow the literature on trial by permitting trial costs to vary with the legal merit of the plaintiff's case. Our approach can be used to extend standard models of settlement such as the well-known Priest–Klein model as well as models based on asymmetric information. As a demonstration, we extend the Priest–Klein model and generally overturn that model's canonical results. In particular, we show that even in a fully symmetric model, predicted win rates at trial can deviate substantially from 50 percent. Furthermore, win rates will vary in response to legal reforms that shift the decision standard.     

Development and validation of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Direct PCR Amplification Kit: a multiplex assay for the direct amplification of single-source samples

Abstract: The AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Direct PCR Amplification Kit is a new short tandem repeat multiplex assay optimized to allow the direct amplification of single‐source blood and buccal samples on FTA^® card without the need for sample purification and quantification. This multiplex assay has been validated according to the FBI/National Standards and SWGDAM guidelines. Validation results revealed that slight variations in primer concentration, master mix component concentration, and thermal cycling parameters did not affect the performance of the chemistry. The assay’s sensitivity was demonstrated by amplifying known amounts of white blood cells spotted onto FTA^® cards, and the assay’s specificity was verified by establishing minimal cross‐reactivity with nonhuman DNA. No effect on the age of the sample stored on the FTA^® substrate was observed and full concordance was established in the population study. These findings of the validation study support the use of the Identifiler^® Direct Kit for forensic standards and database samples genotyping.