美韩非对称性同盟对朝核困局影响探析——以文在寅政府时期为例

朝核问题是冷战后东北亚地区的热点问题,一直影响着本地区的安全。并且,由于朝鲜半岛独特的地缘政治特性以及该地区的大国安全博弈,朝核问题的解决难度与日俱增。长期以来,韩国将美韩同盟视为朝核危机发酵期的安全保障,同时,朝鲜亦因美韩同盟的持续强化而极速推进核武力建设,最终导致朝核危局愈演愈烈。应当说,朝核危机与美韩同盟两者间已互为因变量。然而,美国作为世界唯一超级大国,其战略指向不仅是半岛无核化,更主要的战略意图是为其全球战略体系服务。因此,“美主韩从”性质的美韩同盟会使韩国本身的战略指向发生偏移,最终,非对称性质的美韩同盟可能会成为阻碍半岛和平繁荣的关键因素。     

Whitelisting system state in windows forensic memory visualizations

Examiners in the field of digital forensics regularly encounter enormous amounts of data and must identify the few artifacts of evidentiary value. One challenge these examiners face is manual reconstruction of complex datasets with both hierarchical and associative relationships. The complexity of this data requires significant knowledge, training, and experience to correctly and efficiently examine. Current methods provide text-based representations or low-level visualizations, but levee the task of maintaining global context of system state on the examiner. This research presents a visualization tool that improves analysis methods through simultaneous representation of the hierarchical and associative relationships and local detailed data within a single page application. A novel whitelisting feature further improves analysis by eliminating items of less interest from view. Results from a pilot study demonstrate that the visualization tool can assist examiners to more accurately and quickly identify artifacts of interest.     

长角血蜱4D8基因的克隆与原核表达

根据GenBank上登录的蜱4D8基因序列设计引物,用PCR技术从长角血蜱雌蜱研磨组织cDNA中扩增出4D8基因,将其连入pGEM-T Easy载体,构建重组克隆载体pGEM-T-4D8,并对检测为阳性的克隆进行测序。将该基因重组至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1,经表达纯化后,进行Western-blot试验鉴定其生物学活性。结果,长角血蜱4D8基因的氨基酸序列与青海血蜱、肩突硬蜱的同源性分别为90%、81%。表达的重组蛋白是分子质量约为41ku的融合蛋白。Western-blot试验证明,该重组蛋白能很好地识别兔抗长角血蜱全蜱阳性血清。结果表明,4D8基因作为一种重要的分子标记基因在蜱的流行病学调查方面有着重要的价值,同时作为潜在的候选抗原基因在疫苗的研究方面也有重要意义。     

日本企业研发机构的组织特征和运作方式分析

日本企业研发机构经过不断改编重组 ,逐步趋向完善 ,形成了研究人员知识多样、职历多方面、地位较高等显著特点。在运作方式上 ,尊重自由、自主 ,重视意会型知识的作用 ,做法独特。     

Technology and torts: Memory costs, nondurable precautions and interference effects

This article examines the influence of nondurable precaution technologies on the expansion of tort awards. We provide four contributions to the literature. First, we present a general, formal model on durable and non-durable precaution technology that focuses on memory costs. Second, because liability exposure creates interference, we argue that tort law perpetuates the expansion of awards. Third, because plaintiffs do not consider the social costs of interference effects, private litigation induces socially excessive suits. Fourth, while new harm-reducing technologies likely increase accident rates, such technologies also raise the ratio of trial costs to harm, leaving undetermined the overall effect of new technologies on the rate of litigation.     

Mismatched multiplex PCR amplification and subsequent RFLP analysis to simultaneously identify polymorphisms of erythrocytic ESD, GLO1, and GPT genes

ESD (esterase D), GLO1 (glyoxalase I), and GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) are human erythrocytic isoenzymes and have previously been applied in forensic medicine caseworks. The molecular bases of the polymorphic gene expression products have been demonstrated to be because of SNPs in respective coding regions. However, it has not been revealed whether the SNPs conferring the polymorphisms to the aforementioned erythrocytic isoenzymes could be simultaneously detected by using a simple PCR method. In this study, we used mismatched primers to simultaneously amplify three common isoenzyme loci so that all amplified products contained the same Hph I cleavage sites. The products were then digested with Hph I and electrophoretically separated and stained so that alleles were identified. The accumulated values for the probability of discrimination power and excluding the probability of paternity to the aforementioned systems attained 90.41% and 41.72%, respectively, in the Chinese Han population. This assay could be extremely valuable for future forensic medicine practices.     

Developmental validation of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit: an established multiplex assay with improved performance

Abstract: Analysis of length polymorphism at short tandem repeat (STR) loci utilizing multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the primary method for genotyping forensic samples. The AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit is an improved version of the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® PCR Amplification Kit and amplifies the core CODIS loci: D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA. Additional loci amplified in the multiplex reaction are the sex‐determinant, amelogenin, and two internationally accepted loci, D2S1338 and D19S433. While the primer sequences and dye configurations were unchanged, the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit features an enhanced buffer formulation and an optimized PCR cycling protocol that increases sensitivity, provides better tolerance to PCR inhibitors, and improves performance on mixture samples. The AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit has been validated according to the FBI/National Standards and Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines. The validation results support the use of the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit for human identity and parentage testing.     

Discordance at D3S1358 locus involving SGM Plus™ and the European new generation multiplex kits

During the course of routine database sample analysis in the Israel Police DNA database, an off-ladder D3S1358 allele, calculated to be >22.1, extending into the adjacent vWA locus was observed using Applied Biosystems SGM Plus™ kit.To verify the size of this D3S1358 long allele and to ensure it was not part of a trialle pattern in the neighboring locus, the sample was amplified using three of the European new generation STR multiplex kits: NGM^TM (Applied Biosystem), Powerplex™ ESX and ESI (Promega). The results of these amplifications determined the variant to be a 22 allele. Subsequent sequencing confirmed this designation and revealed a nucleotide polymorphism. Ten additional SGM Plus™ profiled samples with D3S1358 alleles larger than 19, were re-analyzed using NGM^TM and Powerplex™ ESX which also showed discordance in the calculated results between original SGM Plus™ designations and those obtained with the European new generation multiplexes.     

Y-chromosome and autosomal STR diversity in four proximate settlements in Central Anatolia

Due to the longstanding human presence in the region and the influence of social traditions, the genetic make-up of populations currently inhabiting Turkey (Anatolia) is quite complex. To characterize the patterns of genetic diversity in rural Central Anatolian villages, we analyzed samples collected at four local settlements for variation at 17 Y-chromosome STR and 15 autosomal STR loci. The resulting data reveal considerable diversity within these settlements, as well as some structure in the paternal genetic variation, with a limited number of haplotypes being shared between the communities. These findings have important implications for forensic studies of Turkish populations.     

Variation in the Measurement of Cranial Volume and Surface Area Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology

Abstract: Three‐dimensional (3D) laser scanner models of human crania can be used for forensic facial reconstruction, and for obtaining craniometric data useful for estimating age, sex, and population affinity of unidentified human remains. However, the use of computer‐generated measurements in a casework setting requires the measurement precision to be known. Here, we assess the repeatability and precision of cranial volume and surface area measurements using 3D laser scanner models created by different operators using different protocols for collecting and processing data. We report intraobserver measurement errors of 0.2% and interobserver errors of 2% of the total area and volume values, suggesting that observer‐related errors do not pose major obstacles for sharing, combining, or comparing such measurements. Nevertheless, as no standardized procedure exists for area or volume measurements from 3D models, it is imperative to report the scanning and postscanning protocols employed when such measurements are conducted in a forensic setting.