论DNA技术在打击多发性侵财犯罪中的拓展应用

目前DNA技术在侦破凶杀、强奸等重大案件中已成为常规的突破方法,但在发案率高,打防难度大的各类侵财型案件侦破中应用还较少,生物物证的提取意识也较差。近年来,英美等发达国家非常重视DNA技术在侦破多发性侵财案件中的拓展应用并取得了很好的效果。应借鉴国外的成功经验,着力消除当前实际工作中制约DNA充分发挥作用的各种不利因素,在多发性侵财案件侦破中充分利用DNA技术高个体识别力和高灵敏度的优势来提高侦破效率,使DNA技术真正成为侵财型案件新的破案增长点。     

mtDNA技术及其在诉讼和事故调查中的应用

本文系统编译整理了线粒体及线粒体 DNA(mtDNA)技术。mtDNA 技术对刑侦、刑事审判与辩护、重大灾害事故调查和民事诉讼以及战争阵亡者母系血统关系认定具有广泛的作用。执法人员、刑事被告人、民事诉讼参与人了解 mtDNA 技术与 DNA 指纹技术的区别才能有效地利用 mtDNA 技术,避免错案和合法权益受到损害。     

联合应用多个DNA位点进行尸源鉴定

目的 研究联合应用多个ＤＮＡ位点在尸源鉴定方面的应用价值。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离及银染显带的方法通过对无名尸休的有关检材与可疑双亲或子女进行亲权鉴定。结果 在８０例刑事案件尸源鉴定中,３８例无名尸体采用较新鲜肌肉,通过扩增ＶＮＴＲ、ＳＴＲ多个位点得以判明尸源;２９例采用腐败肌肉、６例采用骨骼和２例采用牙齿,通过扩增多个ＳＴＲ位点判明了尸源。仅有１例采用腐败肌肉、２     

DNA分析技术在法科学中的应用及展望

本综述对DNA指纹、PCR -VNTR、PCR -STR、PCR -mtDNA测序等技术的发展 ,以及其在法科学中的应用领域和发展前景作了系统的阐述。认为由于DNA分析技术所具有的特点 ,使之已成为现今法科学生物检材检验的主要手段之一。阐述了现阶段DNA分析技术已向标准化、自动化和高鉴别机率方向发展 ,以及建立DNA罪犯数据库的必要性和应用价值     

用chelex-100提取骨骼DNA的研究

建立了应用chelex-100加蛋白酶K提取骨骼DNA的方法,并对1～30年31例骨骼进行了实验.该方法操作简单、快速、重复性好,灵敏度以及阳性率高,适用于法医学鉴定.     

Mitochondrial DNA Extraction from Burial Soil Samples at Incremental Distances: A Preliminary Study

Preservation variance of soil DNA is neglected in the literature, and exceptional cases exaggerate amplification capabilities. This study sought to amplify a short mitochondrial fragment (212 bp) specific to Sus scrofa domesticus from the soil surrounding decomposing pig remains from an open‐air locale. Samples collected above the body at incremental distances after 145 days of initial placement yielded pig DNA. A secondary sampling was collected in 2017, approximately 768 days after burial. Inhibition tests corroborated that pig DNA was no longer present in the soil resulting in a loss of original DNA between 145 and 768 days. The results provide evidence that genetic material leaches out radially from the source and DNA fragments longer than 200 bp do not persist in soil for a relatively short timeframe in western Montana. The conclusions support the collection of soil in crime scene investigation procedures within the first few months of decomposition.     

Familial DNA searching- an emerging forensic investigative tool

In recent years, jurisdictions across the United States have expressed a growing interest in aiding criminal investigations through the use of familial DNA searching (FDS)- a forensic technique to identify family members through DNA databases. The National Survey of CODIS Laboratories surveyed U.S. CODIS laboratories about their perceptions, policies, and practices related to FDS. In total, 103 crime labs completed the survey (77% response rate). Labs in 11 states reported using FDS, while labs in 24 states reported using a similar-but distinct- practice of partial matching. Although the majority of labs had positive perceptions about the ability of FDS to assist investigations, labs also reported a number of concerns and challenges with implementing FDS. Respondents reported using either practice a limited amount with modest numbers of convictions resulting from both FDS and partial matching. The article reports on varying practices related to official policies, training, eligibility, the software search, lineage testing, requirements for releasing information, and subsequent investigative work. Finally, the article discusses what can be learned from this survey, accompanying limitations, and implications for decision-makers considering using FDS.     

DNA typing from skeletal remains using GlobalFiler™ PCR amplification and Investigator® 24plex QS kits

Since the beginning of our work in 2003 our laboratory has focused exclusively on STR DNA from bone, a powerful tool in missing person cases. In cases such as mass disasters or missing persons, human remains are challenging to identify as they may be fragmented, burnt, recovered from water, degraded, and/or contain inhibitory substances. To address these challenges, this study has evaluated the performance of relatively new STR kits Investigator® 24plex QS kit (Qiagen) and GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) by comparing it with current uses of the AmpFLSTR® Identifiler® Plus kit (Applied Biosystems) to obtain genetic information from skeletal remains. We analyzed 20 bone samples of skeletal remains from routine casework submitted for body identifications by law enforcement corresponding using Investigator® 24plex QS kit and GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification kit, previously analysed AmpFLSTR® Identifiler® Plus kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The data indicates that the STR profiles obtained using the GlobalFiler™ and Investigator® 24plex QS kit for analysis of skeletal remains has shown results in an increased number of reportable genetic loci, and provide greater power of discrimination in comparison to the Identifiler® Plus Kit. Advanced extraction and purification techniques, together with more sensitive and robust new amplification kits allowed us to overcome the challenges associated with processing compromised skeletal remains and ultimately obtain full STR DNA profiles in 99% of the bones.     

Determination of DNA yield rates in six different skeletal elements in ancient bones

Current sampling strategy for laboratories typing bones for human identification include samples obtained from femur, tooth and temporal bone. Latest studies suggest that the small bones of the hands and feet were very similar or even better in DNA yield. These bones can be easily sampled with a disposable scalpel and thus reduce potential DNA contamination. The aim of our study was to determine the suitability of metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges for genetic identification. 48 bone samples from 8 different skeletons (six from 18^th century and two from 3rd century) were obtained from 5 archaeological sites in Slovenia. In each skeleton, 6 different skeletal elements were sampled (temporal bone, molar, femur, metacarpal bone, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of the hand), and strict precautions followed to prevent contamination. Half of gram of bone powder was decalcified using full demineralization extraction method. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 (Qiagen), DNA content determined with the PowerQuant kit (Promega), and autosomal STR typing performed with the Investigator ESSplex Plus kit (Qiagen). Up to 8.75 ng DNA/g of powder was obtained from samples analyzed. The highest yields were detected in temporal bone and the lowest in femur. The success rate of STR typing was evaluated according to the number of successfully typed loci and a strong correlation between the success rate of STR typing and the amount of extracted DNA was confirmed. For all eight skeletons full consensus genetic profiles were determined from skeletal elements analyzed. Our findings suggest it would be suitable to include metatarsal and metacarpal bones in sampling strategy for human identification although further research is needed to substantiate the findings of this study.