DNA侦查技术的应用与前景

DNA侦查技术克服了以往遗传标记检测的种种缺陷以及指纹技术的一些局限 ,实现了物证检验从否定到认定的飞跃。目前DNA侦查技术正在走向更广阔、更深入的领域 ,出现了具有良好应用前景的一些新技术 ;许多国家均投资建立国家DNA犯罪数据库。我国的DNA犯罪数据库也在加紧建设中。从目前我国的有关情况看 ,建立DNA技术标准化和质量控制体系 ,已成为我国法庭科学亟待解决的问题。然而 ,DNA鉴定的不断完善 ,还有赖于人类基因组计划。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒四川分离株N基因DNA免疫质粒的构建

采用SDS 蛋白酶K法抽提鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)四川分离株SAIBWJ的基因组RNA,参照基因库中的N基因序列设计了1对引物,扩增出了单一的DNA产物。将该产物插入pUC18载体的HindⅢ和BamHⅠ酶切位点,构建了pUC NWJ质粒。序列测定结果表明,获得的克隆质粒包含了全部N基因。再将N基因亚克隆到pcDNA3.1( )载体的HindⅢ和XhoⅠ酶切位点,构建了IBVSAIBWJN基因的DNA免疫质粒pcDNA NWJ。     

Bioinformatics and genetic privacy: The impact of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010

Bioinformatics refers to the practise of creation and management of genetic data using computational and statistical techniques. In Malaysia, data obtained from genomic studies, particularly for the purpose of disease identification produces a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. These data are created from DNA samples obtained from diagnostic and research purposes in genomic research institutes in Malaysia. As these data are processed, stored, managed and profiled using computer applications, an issue arises as to whether the principles of personal data privacy would be applicable to these activities. This paper commences with an illustration of the salient features of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010. The second part analyses the impact of the newly passed Personal Data Protection Act 2010 on the collection of DNA sample, the processing of data obtained from it and the profiling of such data. The third part of the paper considers whether the various personal data protection principles are applicable to the act of DNA profiling and the creation of bioinformatics.     

FTA-DNA直接提取法的研究与应用

目的建立一种简约且易于自动化操作的Whatman FTA卡血样DNA提取方法。方法取直径1．2mm FTA卡血样，分别用FTA-DNA直接提取法及FTA常规提取方法提取DNA，AB-Identifiler^TM试剂盒分别进行10山和25山体系检测比较，并筛选批量grA卡血样DNA自动化提取程序。结果200份grA卡血样分别采用2种方法提取DNA模板，25μl体系PCR-STR检测，分型结果均良好。10μl体系检测，FTA-DNA直接提取法优于FTA常规提取方法，图谱RFU值为1000～2000，采用自动化工作站运行该提取程序较手工操作DNA分型图谱均衡性更佳；采用FTA常规提取方法检测，图谱RFU值100～2000，小片段优先扩增现象明显，且有19％的样本出现丢峰现象，采用自动化工作站运行该程序对其结果改善不明显。经工作站运行FTA-DNA直接提取法自动程序及10山体系检测本2万余份FTA卡采集的血样，均获得16个STR基因座DNA分型结果。结论本文建立的FTA-DNA直接提取法适用于FTA卡血样自动化DNA建库。     

A mixed DNA profile controversy revisited

Semaan et al. (J Forensic Res, 2020, 11, 453) discuss a mock case “where eight different individuals [P₁ through P₈] could not be excluded in a mixed DNA analysis. Even though … expert DNA mixture analysis software was used.” Two of these are the true donors. The LRs reported are incorrect due to the incorrect entry of propositions into LRmix Studio. This forced the software to account for most of the alleles as drop-in, resulting in LRs 60–70 orders of magnitude larger than expected. P₁, P₂, P₄, P₅, and P₈ can be manually excluded using peak heights. This has relevance when using LRmix which does not use peak heights. We extend the work using the same two reference genotypes who were the true contributors as Semaan et al. (J Forensic Res, 2020, 11, 453). We simulate three two-donor mixtures with peak heights using these two genotypes and analyze using STRmix?. For the simulated 1:1 mixture, one of the non-donors’ LRs supported him being a contributor when no conditioning was used. When considered in combination with any other potential donors (i.e., with conditioning), this non-donor was correctly eliminated. For the 3:1 mixture, all results correctly supported that the non-donors were not contributors. The low-template 4:1 mixture LRs with no conditioning showed support for all eight profiles as donors. However, the results from pair-wise conditioning showed that only the two ground truth donors had LRs supporting that they were contributors to the mixture. We recommend the use of peak heights and conditioning profiles, as this allows better sensitivity and specificity even when the persons share many alleles.     

用RAPD技术分析鸡毒霉形体广西分离株的DNA多态性的研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术 ,以随机引物成对组合的方式对鸡毒霉形体(MG) 5株广西分离株和 3株标准株DNA进行了多态性分析。结果显示 ,所选用的 2 0条引物中 ,有 3对 (6条 )引物扩增的条带为 2～ 10条 ,大小在 2 0 0～ 30 0 0bp。相似指数分析显示 ,广西MG分离株Y2与WL、CH与Y3的相似指数最高 ,分别为 0 .92和 0 .86 ,其与H2的相似指数为 0 .36～ 0 .6 2。 3株MG标准毒株S6、K2 2 2 1、K15 0 1与广西分离株间的相似指数为 0 .17～ 0 .5 7。表明广西流行的MG与MG标准株存在差异 ,当地的流行株也呈现多样性     

鞋内底不同部位接触DNA提取初探

目的探讨鞋内底不同部位接触DNA提取检出率。方法取100名20-30岁的志愿者，将其穿用过的运动鞋和皮鞋鞋垫设置成不同穿用时间组、不同材料鞋垫组、穿用后不同放置时间组，根据脚的形态学及运动力学特点，将鞋垫分成8个区域进行脱落细胞提取，并进行DNA进行检验。结果鞋垫上8个不同区域提取到的脱落细胞DNA分型检验效果不同。足弓外侧区（足引折弓除外）的接触DNA检出率最高；足弓内侧、第1趾骨区、第1跖骨区及足跟区次之；第2～5趾骨区、第2～3跖骨区、第4～5跖骨区不容易成功提取到接触DNA。结论鞋内底接触DNA检出率与接触时间、放置时间、鞋垫材质均相关，分区提取检验DNA更有针对性。     

A discussion of the merits of random man not excluded and likelihood ratios

DNA mixture interpretation is undertaken either by calculating a LR or an exclusion probability (RMNE or its complement CPI). Debate exists as to which has the greater claim. The merits and drawbacks of the two approaches are discussed. We conclude that the two matters that appear to have real force are: (1) LRs are more difficult to present in court and (2) the RMNE statistic wastes information that should be utilised.     

用随意扩增的DNA多态性鉴定中国分离的部分旋毛虫虫株

以旋毛虫（Ｔｒｉｃｈｉｎｅｌａｓｐｉｒａｌｉｓ）国际标准虫种作对照，利用随意扩增的ＤＮＡ多态性技术对国内的部分旋毛虫分离株进行了鉴定与分析。经５条引物的单扩增及复合扩增结果显示，中国的旋毛虫猪株为Ｔ．ｓｐｉｒａｌｉｓ，犬株为Ｔ．ｎａ－ｔｉｖａ，猫株为Ｔ．ｎｅｌｓｏｎｉ。     

天津市法医DNA数据库的应用与发展

建立的天津市法医DNA数据库系统 ,将DNA分析技术的高效性与计算机系统的储存、高效检索的功能有机结合 ,实现了从受案到结案及建库的全程标准化、规范化、网络化管理。该系统启用一年多以来 ,为本地区侦查机关提供了百余起案件的破案线索 ,在多起重特大刑事案件的串并侦破中发挥了关键作用 ,技术破案率明显提高