DNA亲子鉴定破案的威力

1案例资料2002年1月27日,某市一粮站家属区姚某(女,49岁)及女儿魏某(14岁)被人杀死在家中。经勘查,提取现场不同地点多处血迹送检,经血痕初步检验,死者姚某及魏某均为“O”型血。死者姚某的丈夫也为“O”型血。在姚某家室内提取的多处不同地点血迹中大多数检验为O型,在客厅地上及卧室桌子上:大立柜内报纸上等几处却检出A型人血。遂寻找与现场有关的犯罪嫌疑人田某(男,21岁)。由于自案发后田某失踪无法与田某血作DNA同一认定。为了确定现场A型人血是否为田某所留,作者采取田某父亲、母亲血做DNA亲子鉴定。检验和结论:选取死者姚某家大立…     

DNA双股螺旋结构与迅猛发展的法庭科学——纪念人类DNA双股螺旋结构发现50周年

自1953年Watson和Crick发表DNA双股螺旋结构,它为人类生命科学,尤其是法庭科学的发展带来了历史性的变化。法庭科学从个体识别和亲子鉴定的排除到认定,经历了DNA指纹图、AMP-FLP及SNP的3个阶段。同时线粒体DNA的应用也在广泛开展。另外数据库的建设和完善成为法庭科学的发展方向。总之,DNA双股螺旋结构对法庭科学革命性变化起了决定性的作用。     

比较法视野下我国盘查措施启动标准:缺陷分析与完善理路

合理设置盘查启动标准既有利于警察执法,也有利于人权保障。通过对我国盘查制度实践的深入研究和对域外法治国家盘查启动标准的比较考察发现,我国盘查措施在启动标准上存在着混淆概念、标准单一和司法缺位三大缺陷。未来我国盘查措施启动标准的设置应当尊重警察盘查的认知规律、正视盘查的实践需要。此外,还应引入司法审查为警察正确理解盘查启动标准提供理论上的指引。     

辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的三个问题——以李庄案为例

李庄案不但涉及辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的司法认定,而且还涉及一系列基础的犯罪论问题。李庄“利用会见龚刚模之机,向龚刚模宣读同案人供述,教唆龚刚模编造被公安机关刑讯逼供的供述”的行为,不能毫无例外地简单地认定为辩护人帮助伪造证据的行为;同时,不能将一般的“引诱”证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为认定为犯罪,而应明确限制为“以暴力、威胁、贿买等方法”指使证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为才能构成犯罪。辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪同时兼备行为犯与结果犯的双重特征,以辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪是结果犯,作为李庄无罪辩护的实体法理论依据本身缺乏充分的刑法规范依据和刑法理论支撑。我国应采取明确限缩犯罪成立最低规格的立法政策和立法技术,重新构建中国犯罪构成理论体系,在中国犯罪构成论体系内将标准的犯罪构成、修正的犯罪构成与犯罪成立最低规格标准等犯罪论关系范畴进行周延的逻辑梳理,实现中国犯罪构成论体系的逻辑自洽。     

近代宪法学说发展的四个阶段

近代宪法学说有个发展过程。这个过程既是向西方学习的过程,同时也是国人不断反省传统的与既存的制度与文化的过程。在此过程中,国人为了早日改变积贫积弱落后挨打的被动局面、实现迅速崛立于世界富强国家民族之林的梦想,努力地拿西方先进的东西特别是西方宪法和宪政来改造中国。此处尝试把近代宪法学说的发展过程划分成四个阶段,以便更清晰地理出近代宪政运动先行者的求索历程,努力从宪法学说理论及其实践的结合上展现出中国近代宪法学说和宪政运动的演进路线,探析其中的经验和教训,以期为当前蓬勃发展的新时期宪法学说理论和宪政建设的健康实践提供参考和借鉴。     

Chelex法和两种磁珠法提取接触DNA效果的比较

目的比较Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法对接触DNA的提取效果。方法将稀释为10ng、100ng的标准品DNA,分别采用Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法处理;对30例烟蒂和30例牙刷分别采用Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法和EQ国产磁珠法提取DNA,然后进行PCR定量和STR检测。结果Chelex法对DNA的提取无损失,DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法对DNA的提取均有不同程度的损失;烟蒂、牙刷等检材采用Chelex法提取的接触DNA量和IPC CT值显著高于IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法,但STR检验成功率却低于IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法。2种磁珠法提取的DNA量、IPC CT值和STR检验成功率无显著性差异。结论污染轻、杂质少的接触DNA检材,用Chelex法提取最为方便快捷;IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法更适合污染接触DNA检材的提取及自动化操作。     

Fundamental principles of the international protection system of intellectual property rights and the applications

Legal principle, which underlies the value of the legal system, is supposed to be the origin and basis of concrete legal rules. It has also resulted from abstracting and summarizing the value and spirit of these legal rules. In light of the universality and hierarchy of legal principle, the principles of the international protection system of intellectual property rights (IPR) can be divided into the following two types: one is the fundamental principles applied to the what, why and how a legal system shall be constructed, such as principles of sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit, joint development, and international cooperation, which also can be expressed as the principles of sovereignty, international coordination and cooperation, fairness and justice. The other type includes those existing in the legal system and capable of being applied directly, such as the principle of national treatment, principle of minimum standard, principle of independence (for industrial property right), principle of independent protection (for copyright), principle of compulsory implementing patent (for patent right) and doctrine of priority (for industrial property right), etc. In my opinion, the principles of the international protection system of IPR shall follow the latter model, indicating that they shall be provided and written in the international conventions on the grounds that they can be applied directly, and that they can be universally applied to the whole international protection system of IPR instead of exclusive application to one certain system. Hereupon, the author believes that principles concerning the international protection system of IPR should include the principles of national treatment, minimum protection standard and public interest.     

Analysis of Y-STR loci in a population sample from northeast China

POPULATION: A total of 141 unrelated Chinese Han male individuals living in Liaoning in northeast China.     

Y chromosome STR haplotypes and allele frequencies in Illinois Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic males

POPULATION: Population: Illinois Caucasian ( n =117), Illinois African American ( n =218), and Illinois Hispanic ( n =68).