完善我国刑事诉讼证明标准的思考

刑事诉讼中的证明标准是刑事证据制度和刑事证明活动的重点。当事人行使诉权、律师行使代理诉讼权、法院行使审判权、检察机关行使监督权、学者们研究与评判法院判决中对查明事实的认定，都离不开证明标准。我国目前刑事诉讼证明标准的规范抽象，且缺乏科学性。因此，可以借鉴外国的立法经验，确立法律真实刑事诉讼证明标准，构建适合我国国情的刑事诉讼证明标准体系。     

Kidnap for Ransom in South East Asia

Kidnapping for ransom is not a new phenomenon. According to the Control Risk Group, an international risk consultancy, kidnappings of foreign nationals globally have increased by 275% over the past 10 years. High profile incidents such as the tourist kidnappings in 2000 by the Abu Sayyaf group, operating out of the troubled southern region of the Philippines, show that South East Asia has its own regionalised kidnapping hotspots. It is suspected that a high proportion of kidnappings are perpetrated by economically motivated crime groups but it is not possible to estimate with any degree of accuracy what percentage can be attributed to organised crime. This article will provide an overview of the problem, drawing upon existing literature available in the public domain. A typological discussion will show the critical differences between the various categories of kidnapping. The reliability of existing statistics, categorisation and recording of kidnapping for ransom will also be scrutinised, in particular for their variability across the region, to see whether this presents a barrier to a better understanding of the size and seriousness of the problem. As kidnapping for ransom incidents are becoming increasingly transnational in character, the final section will highlight the desirability of formulating and agreeing upon regional standardised definitions and counting rules for kidnap.     

Characterization of human DNA in environmental samples

Environmental samples from indoor surfaces can be confounded by dust, which is composed largely of human skin cells and has been documented to contain roughly tens of micrograms of total DNA per gram of dust. This study complements previous published work by providing estimates of the quantity of amplifiable human DNA found in environmental samples from a typical indoor environment, categorized by the intensity of human traffic and visible quantity of dust. Dust was collected by surface swabbing standard 576 cm² areas in eight locations, and evaluated for total DNA quantity, presence of human DNA (mitochondrial and nuclear loci using conventional PCR), quantity of human nuclear DNA using quantitative PCR, and STR analysis. The total DNA content of 36 dust samples ranged from 9 to 28 ng/cm², and contained 0.2–1.1 pg/cm² of human DNA. Overall, human DNA was detected in 97% of 36 dust samples and 61% of samples yielded allele distributions of varying degrees of complexity when subjected to STR analysis. The implications of this study are twofold. First, the presence of dust in evidence can be a significant contamination source in forensic investigations because the human DNA component is of sufficient quality and quantity to produce allele calls in STR analysis. This can be effectively managed by implementing stringent protocols for collection and analysis of potential biological samples. A second implication is the use of dust as a source of evidence for identification of inhabitants within a defined location. In the latter case, a number of additional studies would be necessary to identify relevant pretreatments for environmental dust samples and to develop the necessary deconvolution techniques to separate the composite genotypes obtained.     

试论我国死刑案件的证明标准

与国外刑事证明标准相比，我国死刑案件的证明标准“案件事实清楚、证据确实充分”存在过于理想化的“客观真实”，缺乏操作性等弊端。需要对我国死刑案件的证明标准进行重构：即区分定罪程序和量刑程序，对定罪程序适用“排除合理怀疑”的证明标准；在量刑程序中对于控方主张判处死刑的情形应适用“排除一切怀疑”的证明标准。     

试论亲子鉴定

什么是亲子鉴定?为什么需要做亲子鉴定?亲子鉴定提起的主体及几种情形,亲子鉴定的社会意义.亲子鉴定的是与非.由此而引起的争论.亲子鉴定在司法实践中作为证据使用时应该注意的问题.在社会转型时期人们信用的危机,婚姻家庭所面临的考验.     

重构婚姻判断标准的理论价值和实践意义

中国尚未建立科学的婚姻判断标准体系，判断婚姻的主要标准，就是单一的婚姻效力判断标准。不论是什麽形态的婚姻，都用婚姻有效无效标准判断。这种婚姻判断标准，不能满足理论与实践的需要，容易造成对不同婚姻形态的误判。因此，应当建立以婚姻的属性要件、形成要件和效力要件为评判标准的科学评判体系。     

辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的三个问题——以李庄案为例

李庄案不但涉及辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪的司法认定，而且还涉及一系列基础的犯罪论问题。李庄“利用会见龚刚模之机，向龚刚模宣读同案人供述，教唆龚刚模编造被公安机关刑讯逼供的供述”的行为，不能毫无例外地简单地认定为辩护人帮助伪造证据的行为；同时，不能将一般的“引诱”证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为认定为犯罪，而应明确限制为“以暴力、威胁、贿买等方法”指使证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为才能构成犯罪。辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪同时兼备行为犯与结果犯的双重特征，以辩护人伪造证据、妨害作证罪是结果犯，作为李庄无罪辩护的实体法理论依据本身缺乏充分的刑法规范依据和刑法理论支撑。我国应采取明确限缩犯罪成立最低规格的立法政策和立法技术，重新构建中国犯罪构成理论体系，在中国犯罪构成论体系内将标准的犯罪构成、修正的犯罪构成与犯罪成立最低规格标准等犯罪论关系范畴进行周延的逻辑梳理，实现中国犯罪构成论体系的逻辑自洽。     

环境刑法的生态本位论纲

要实现环境刑法基本理念的突破，亟需回归环境刑法应然的生态本位。一方面要主张环境刑法应以环境大生态的可持续存在和发展为目的，这有利于实现环境大生态的安全、公正、和谐等价值；另一方面要批判环境刑法的行政从属性，这有利于发挥环境刑法的生态保护作用。     

DNA typing in populations of mule deer for forensic use in the Province of Alberta

The present study involves the development of forensic DNA typing tests and databases for mule deer in the Province of Alberta. Two multiplex PCR reactions interrogating 10 loci were used to analyze samples from three populations of mule deer. Additionally, an amelogenin based sex-typing marker was used to determine the gender of samples. Results show that the tests and databases are appropriate for use in forensic applications. Additionally, the results indicate that there is little population structure in mule deer in Alberta and that no changes to management of this game species are suggested.     

中国制造业走出国门的知识产权保护问题

入世后,中国产业尤其是制造业面临着专利技术侵权的严峻考验,在国际大企业不断的侵权诉讼中,寻找问题的关键和突破重围成为国内企业走出国门的当务之急。本文结合2003年里发生的中国制造业在国内外所受的专利侵权案件,分析其产生的原因,以江苏省制造业为例,试对我国制造业在WTO大背景下出口的知识产权保护问题提出相应的解决方案。