Prior Experiences as Temporal Frames of Reference in Social Justice: The Influence of Previous Fairness Experiences on Reactions to New and Old Supervisors

This paper focuses on the psychology of social change and social justice. Specifically, we focus on subordinates’ reactions to new and old supervisors, and we argue that in evaluating these different types of supervisors, subordinates may rely on prior fair or unfair experiences as temporal frames of reference. We further propose that a result of these frames of reference may be that previous fairness experiences have a bigger impact on subordinates’ reactions to subsequent neutral communications when an old rather than when a new supervisor is the source of that communication. Findings of two empirical studies indeed show that subordinates who had had fair experiences with a particular supervisor reacted more positively toward subsequent neutral messages when the communication was coming from the old supervisor rather than from the new supervisor. Subordinates who had had unfair experiences, however, reacted more negatively toward the communication when the source was the old rather than the new supervisor. Some evidence was also found for contrast effects such that people who react to a new supervisor may react more positively with the neutral demand from this authority figure when they have earlier experienced unfair as opposed to fair treatment by a different supervisory agent. These findings were obtained on subordinates’ satisfaction with the supervisors’ communication and their acceptance of the supervisor. Finally, we discuss the implications for the psychology of social change and social justice.     

Typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci in brain and thyroid gland tissue samples incubated in different environments

Autolysis and putrefaction are crucial factors responsible for degradation of cells, tissues, and organs. Postmortem changes may assume different course depending on extrinsic and intrinsic conditions. The aim of the study was assessment of environmental effect on typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci: D3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D81179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA, and gender marker amelogenin. Brain and thyroid gland tissue specimens collected during autopsies of five persons aged 20-30 years were incubated at 21 degrees C and 4 degrees C in different environmental conditions. DNA was extracted by organic method from tissue samples collected in 7-day intervals and subsequently typed using AmpFlSTR SGM Plus kit and ABI 310. A fast decrease in typeability rate was seen in specimens incubated in peat soil and in sand. Brain tissue samples were typeable in all AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci within 126 days of incubation at 4 degrees C. Faster DNA degradation was recorded in thyroid gland specimens. In samples with negative genotyping results, no DNA was found by fluorometric quantitiation.     

Chelex-100法提取滤纸血痕DNA影响因素的比较

目的改进滤纸血痕DNA提取方法,建立更简便、廉价,适合当前DNA建库需要的提取方法。方法将752份滤纸血痕分成四组,分别按照四种不同的Chelex-100法进行DNA提取并进行比较研究;63份新鲜血痕分别按照两种方法提取并进行对比研究。结果对于陈旧滤纸血痕,四种提取方法的检测成功率无显著差异(P>0.05);对于新鲜血痕,两种提取方法的检测成功率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论对于建库陈旧滤纸血痕样本的DNA提取可采用不加纯水处理,直接加入Chelex-100的方法进行。     

DNA含量变化与死亡时间推断的研究进展

在法医学实践中,死亡经历时间的推断具有重要的实践价值,但其准确推断却一直是法医学实践的难题,因而也一直是法医学研究的热点。法医DNA技术是近年来发展起来的在分子水平进行死亡时间推断的新技术、新方法,同传统方法相比,具有很大的优势,本文对该技术提出的背景、发展、优缺点以及发展前景进行综述,着重对DNA含量变化与其相关性的研究进展进行讨论。     

烧骨组织形态变化及DNA技术在个体识别中的应用

烧骨在火灾、焚尸、交通、爆炸等案件和事故的检材中具有特殊的地位。通过对不同条件焚烧下烧骨组织形态及DNA变化规律的研究,可为法医实践中烧骨的种属鉴定、性别及年龄判定提供准确的依据和标准,同时可利用残存的基因位点对烧骨残块进行个体识别和同一认定。烧骨DNA的提取方法及检测技术也在不断探索和改进。本文对烧骨在形态学、组织学和分子生物学水平研究进展以及烧骨评测的方法、技术进行概述,旨在为法医实践及进一步研究提供新的方法和思路。     

MiniSTR multiplex systems based on non-CODIS loci for analysis of degraded DNA samples

We describe two short amplicon autosomal short tandem repeat (miniSTR) quadruplex systems for eight loci D1S1171, D2S1242, D3S1545, D4S2366, D12S391, D16S3253, D20S161, and D21S1437, unlinked from the combined DNA index system (non-CODIS) loci, using newly designed primer sets. The results of an assay of 411 Japanese individuals showed that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products within the eight loci were less than 150bp in size, without the seven additional bases for adenylation. The frequency distributions in the loci showed no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. The accumulated power of discrimination and power of exclusion for the eight loci were 0.9999999991 and 0.998, respectively. For assay of highly degraded DNA, including artificially degraded samples and the degraded forensic casework samples assessed with the present miniSTR quadruplex systems, the systems proved quite effective in analyzing degraded DNA.     

“正当程序”作为行政程序司法审查标准的立法建议

《行政诉讼法》第54条规定,具体行政行为违反法定程序将导致撤销或部分撤销,并可以判决被告重新作出具体行政行为。《行政诉讼法》对行政程序的要求改变了"重实体、轻程序"的执法模式。把"法定程序"作为司法审查标准有很大局限性,本文建议将司法审查标准提升为"正当程序"标准。     

试析中国合同法无效免责条款规定的疏漏及其弥补

我国合同法中关于免责条款的规定计有第三十九条、第四十条、第五十三条,及最高院相关的司法解释。这些条文与解释的规定存在重复、冲突之处,同时亦没有构成一个周延的规定。为解决上述问题,笔者建议应当增加第三十九条的后果规定,同时修改第四十条,使具有该条情形的格式条款相对无效。     

监狱网格化管理模式的构建路径

网格化管理模式是当前社会管理创新的一项重要模式,在实践中取得了良好成效。监狱作为国家的刑罚执行机关,应该认识到将网格化管理模式引入到监狱管理体系的现实意义,可以从完善网格管理制度、细化网格管理分类标准、强化民警教育培训以及加强网格管理绩效考核等方面入手,尝试网格化管理模式的实施,促进民警执法更加规范,罪犯改造潜能发挥更加充分,确保监狱持续安全稳定。     

清官“吏德”论

中国古代清官的“吏德”,是中国特定文化塑造出来的一种廉政文化遗产,是中华传统美德的重要组成部分。清官“吏德”,主要留存于哲人、明君、贤相、清官的警策语录中,内容比较宽泛,主要有四点：一是清正廉明的勤勉;二是知耻好洁的慎独;三是民胞物与的仁恤;四是正道直行的坚守。学习与继承古代清官的“吏德”,能进一步提升公务员道德素养,改善执政环境,从而推动整个社会的道德建设。