Multilevel Modeling of Direct Effects and Interactions of Peers,Parents, School,and Community Influences on Adolescent Substance Use

This study tested a social-ecological model of adolescent substance use. Multilevel modeling was used to investigate how systems, such as parents, peers, schools, and communities, directly influence and interact together to influence adolescent substance use. Participants included 14,548 (50.3% female) middle school students who were 78.6% White, 5.4% Biracial, 4.8% Asian, 4.8% Black, and 3.6% Hispanic. Participants completed a survey with scales assessing substance use, peer influences, parental influences, and characteristics of their school and community. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to consider the variation of parental and peer influences on substance use and how schools and communities relate to both substance use and the relationship between substance use and peer and parental factors. Results indicated that a positive school climate and a positive sense of community were associated with less adolescent substance use and that a positive sense of community moderated the relation between peer and parental influence on adolescent substance use, thereby acting as a protective factor.

朱德对山西抗日民族统一战线的历史贡献

抗日战争爆发后，朱德作为八路军总指挥，为山西抗日民族统一战线的巩固和发展作出了卓越贡献。主要体现为：积极配合友军作战。真诚团结和帮助友军将士以迭共同抗日之目的；武装动员民众，为统一战线的巩固和发展奠定坚实的群众基础；指导和帮助新军建设，使其逐步成长为山西民众抗日的中坚力量；在反顽斗争中坚持以斗争求团结。保住统一战线不破裂的底线。     

从恭敬到不从命——在知识产权审判中法院对待行政行为公定力的态度变迁

在知识产权案件审判中最高法院对待行政行为公定力的态度,经历了一个从绝对承认到相对不承认的发展过程。这种态度变迁的主要缘由,在于最高法院对知识产权案件审判效率的追求、妥当解决知识产权的权利冲突问题,以及对行政机关决定民事权利法律事实之权力的质疑。这对我国行政法学理论有关行政行为公定力原理提出了强有力的挑战,值得行政法学理论认真对待和反思。     

朱毛红军士兵委员会制度的建立与取消

士兵委员会制度的建立,是毛泽东在三湾改编期间采取的重要变革措施。这一制度砸碎了旧式军队和以农民武装为主的军队管理基础,为加强朱毛红军的民主建设起到重要作用。后来,毛泽东等人又针对士兵会制度在红四军二十九团曾经引起的某些弊端,采取了防止极端民主化等一系列措施。此后,以李立三为代表的党中央按照＂国家＂正规军的要求,颁布了《中国工农红军编制草案》等三大基本条例,里面没有建立士兵会这一项,这些条例的颁布使得士兵委员会制度无形中被取消。     

朱德对毛泽东党建思想的丰富和发展

在长期的革命和建设实践中,朱德提出了一系列关于加强党的建设的科学论述。他坚持并大力倡导学习,丰富了党的思想建设内涵;他坚持党的领导,努力维护党的团结,严格执行党的纪律,坚持高标准严要求选拔和使用干部,为加强党的组织建设和作风建设作出了独特贡献;他言行一致,在提出加强党的建设的若干重要思想的同时,自己总是率先垂范,以身作则。朱德的党建思想和模范行动都是我们不断加强党的建设的宝贵财富。     

母子公司相互持股之法律规制

母子公司相互持股异于一般公司间的相互持股,其对传统公司法基本原则与具体制度产生了一定的冲击并导致了一系列法律问题。我国时下的公司法修改应秉承公司法的基本精神,原则上允许母子公司相互持股,但相应地,可以规定对母公司的直索责任并限制子公司反向持股的表决权。     

Exploring a Process‐Oriented Forensic Family Observation Protocol

This article recommends a modification of the child interview and observational components of the conventional child custody evaluation. By scheduling these events in back‐to‐back sequence, the evaluator adds critical process‐oriented data to familiar content‐oriented data. These additional data include at least eight landmark separation, reunion, and transition events valuable to understanding the dynamic family system. The benefits of this protocol are discussed in terms of the ecological validity of available data, reduced evaluation time and costs, and research. Limitations are discussed relevant to questions of sampling bias, fatigue and sequence effects, and practical dilemmas that arise when evaluating families with many children.     

Why Requiring Parents to Pay for Postsecondary Education is Unconstituional and Bad Policy

For divorced parents, the question of who should pay for their child's college tuition is very difficult, especially when the issue was never addressed in their separation agreement. Consequently, some states allow judges the discretion to extend child support duties for noncustodial parents after considering certain factors. Such factors may lead to the requirement of parental contributions to their child's postsecondary education. While many states have amended their statutes to encompass extended child support, Pennsylvania is the only state to have found their statute unconstitutional. Based on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decision in Curtis v. Kline, this Note argues that, in order to diminish inequalities between divorced and nondivorced parents, as well as between children of divorced and nondivorced parents, all states should amend their child support statutes to declare that no parent is obligated to pay for his/her child's postsecondary education, unless voluntarily agreed to, in writing, prior to the child entering college.     

Parents’ and non-parents’ beliefs about the cues to deception in children

Previous research has suggested that certain groups of experts are better at detecting deception than others. A possible explanation for this finding is that some expert groups have different beliefs about the cues to deception. This study investigated these beliefs in one such expert group, namely parents. Four different scenarios were presented, each scenario depicting a deception for a child at a different age. For each one, participants were asked to indicate whether behaviours would occur more or less frequently during deception. Some differences were found between parents and non-parents for overall beliefs, however there were few differences in their awareness of situational variations, with all participants being aware that deceptive behaviour could change across situations. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between beliefs and expertise as well as the importance of direct versus indirect experience in the formation of beliefs about the cues to deception.     

Assumption of Responsibility in Corporate Groups: Chandler v Cape plc

In Chandler v Cape plc, the Court of Appeal imposed for the first time liability on a company for a breach of its duty of care to an employee of its subsidiary. In doing so, the court laid out a new four‐part test for ascertaining a parent company's responsibility for the health and safety of individuals employed by group companies. Although liability of parent companies may be justified under the right circumstances, the court's approach in Chandler is problematic in a number of ways and raises more questions than it answers.