有毒有害食品犯罪实践问题探究

在食品安全令人忧心忡忡的社会现实下,"量刑反制"的思路悄然而生,具体表现为在区分生产、销售有毒有害食品罪与生产、销售伪劣产品罪区分的过程中对"明知"的主观内容进行曲解。在与生产、销售不符合卫生标准的食品罪的区分过程中,由于添加物质的标准不够明晰,也导致了罪刑关系的确定性被损害,甚至有毒有害食品犯罪的关联行为被适当地确定为以危险方法危害公共安全罪。目前我国司法实践中对生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪的基本犯罪的处罚较轻是符合实际的,但对于结果和情节加重犯应当慎用死刑。     

检测浮游生物叶绿素相关基因诊断溺死的实验研究

目的评估浮游生物叶绿素相关基因检测用于溺死诊断的价值。方法将18只大白兔随机分为溺死组（n=10）、死后抛尸组（n=6）和对照组（n=2）,各组分别取心血及肺、肝、肾、脑组织,分离浮游生物并提取其DNA,用PCR技术检测叶绿素相关基因EG（EG1和EG2）及SK（SK1和SK2）。同时用硝酸消化法检验肺和肝组织中的硅藻。结果溺死组心血及肺、肝、肾、脑组织中EG1分别检出9、10、9、7和8例阳性,EG2分别检出8、10、7、5和7例阳性;死后抛尸组仅在心血和肺组织中各检出1例EG1阳性;对照组各组织均未检出EG1和EG2。SK1、SK2除在溺死组心血、肺和肾有少数检出外（≤2例）,在其他组未检出扩增产物。硝酸消化法从溺死组肺、肝组织中分别有9例及3例检出硅藻,死后抛尸组仅在1例肺组织中检出。结论浮游生物叶绿素相关基因EG用于溺死诊断的阳性检出率要高于硝酸消化法,在溺死诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

Black everyday life and the burden of death in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying

ABSTRACT

Zakes Mda’s novel, Ways of Dying, centers on physical violence and death in black communities during the transition from apartheid to democracy. Rather than look toward a post-apartheid future that is anticipated by so many, Mda depicts the reality of death as the product of the volatile politics of late apartheid, demonstrating through the lives of his characters the ways in which systemic violence persists. Set in the early 1990s, the pervasive experience of death and inescapable poverty is relentlessly depicted, unmasking any illusion of positive transformation. The novel debunks the widely celebrated idea or impression of the country’s transition as remarkable or peaceful; its focus on the tens of thousands killed at the tail-end of apartheid refuses this untruth. Mda invites a critical understanding of black literal death, its horror in the questions about mourning raised, and the structural conditions that confine black lives even as a grand narrative is being told outside this novel’s pages.     

哲学的三种境界

“哲学”在涉及“人”与“世界”的关系上有以下的三种形态:自由的智慧、科学的知识和存在的方式。这也是“哲学”为“人”“开显”出的三种境界。这三种境界,都有哲学的历史发展根据,因而也是哲学发展的三种历史形态。哲学从古代希腊开始,确立了自己的学术特征:哲学为一种自由的智慧,为自由的学问。哲学的历史乃是自由深化和学术完善的过程。哲学进一步的发展,使哲学在深层次上成为最为贴近现实生活的学问,理解这段哲学的历史,不妨重新探讨康德在《实践理性批判》里提出的“实践理性”对“理论理性”具有优越性这一思想,从实践理性的自由意志进入实际生活,不失为理解上个世纪欧洲哲学的一个途径。     

危险驾驶行为入罪的三个问题

危险驾驶行为的社会危害有目共睹,是当前刑事立法领域的焦点。在我国行政法与刑法处罚二元体系并存情况下,危险驾驶行为是否应当入罪,危险驾驶行为如果入罪应当采取何种罪名以及犯罪构成模式,危险驾驶的刑罚如何规定,这三个问题在刑事立法中应当着力思考。     

The Abolition of the Death Penalty in Rwanda

This paper argues that Rwanda’s decision to abolish the death penalty should be viewed in a wider context rather than as a mere result of top–down pressure from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Part I traces the creation of the ICTR and the breakdown of negotiations as a result of the exclusion of the death penalty from the ICTR’s jurisdiction. It then outlines Rwanda’s efforts to prosecute the hundreds of thousands of individuals accused of committing genocide-related crimes and notes the limited and steadily decreasing role the death penalty actually played within Rwanda. Part II discusses Rwanda’s legislation abolishing the death penalty and argues that both international pressure and local historical and political forces influenced the decision. Part III situates Rwanda’s story within a growing paradox of excluding the death penalty from international criminal tribunals for the most serious crimes while national jurisdictions maintain it. It concludes that as in Rwanda, any perceived or potential impact of international criminal law in national jurisdictions must be measured in light of local circumstances.

死刑限制而废止的程序之维--兼论"不杀不足以平民愤"

死刑制度是我国重要的刑罚制度,关于死刑存废问题学界一直都有诸多争论,大致可分为"限制"和"保留"两派观点.持保留观点的学者认为,目前废除死刑的社会物质条件尚不具备,新刑法从实体和程序两个方面对死刑做出的限制性规定,足可以最大程度上减少死刑的负面影响.然而在我国刑事司法程序保障严重缺失的情形下,加之舆论的牵制以及对民意的"高度重视",司法机关时常会作出"不杀不足以平民愤"回应.死刑的限制性规定在强大民意的压力下很难发挥出立法者们所期望的保障"少杀、慎杀"的功能.由限制而废除才是我国死刑制度的必走之路.     

Assertions of “Future Dangerousness” at Federal Capital Sentencing: Rates and Correlates of Subsequent Prison Misconduct and Violence

The federal prison disciplinary records of federal capital inmates (n=145) who were sentenced to life without possibility of release (LWOP) by plea bargain, pre-sentencing withdrawal of the death penalty, or jury determination were retrospectively reviewed (M=6.17 years post-admission). Disaggregated prevalence rates were inversely related to infraction severity: serious infraction =0.324, assaultive infraction =0.207, serious assault =0.09, assault with moderate injury =0.007, assault with major injuries or death =0.00. Frequency rates of misconduct were equivalent to other high-security federal inmates (n=18,561), regardless of infraction severity. Government assertions of "future dangerousness" as a nonstatutory aggravating factor were not predictive of prison misconduct. These findings inform federal capital risk assessments and have public policy implications for procedural reliability in death penalty prosecutions.     

Religious Characteristics and the Death Penalty

Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God’s attitudes toward murders, and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God’s death penalty position, and perceptions of how one’s religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers choose a more favorable jury. The present research was supported by the National Science Foundation award number 0351811, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, the American Psychology-Law Society, and the University of Nebraska Law-Psychology Program. This research was presented at the 2006 conference of the American Psychology-Law Society. The authors are grateful for the research assistance of Nick Fanning and Beth Herschlag and for the helpful comments from Brian Bornstein, Rich Wiener, Bob Schopp, Dick Dienstbier, and several anonymous reviewers.     

青壮年猝死综合征与SCN5A基因突变的相关性

近几年来,国内外青壮年不明原因猝死的报道逐年增多,对其死因的界定是法医工作者深感棘手的问题。随着病因学向分子水平的深入,心脏病研究已用分子遗传学技术证实了一类“原发性心电紊乱”导致的心律失常与SCN5A突变引发的钠通道疾病有关,本文回顾了法医学中青壮年猝死综合征(SMDS)的特征及临床医学中几种疾病的基因型和表型,分析其相关性,期望为进一步研究获得一些启示。