澳大利亚的艾滋病防治、公共卫生与法律经验——第八期澳大利亚领袖奖项目中国艾滋病与法律培训

澳大利亚艾滋病防治机制以政府、非政府组织和高危人群相互合作为基础。全民健康保障体系为艾滋病防治提供了有力的支持。此外,支持性的法律和社会环境也发挥了重要作用。同性恋非罪化、性工作非罪化、健康安全的性文化、人性化的毒品法院以及为感染者提供法律援助都推动了艾滋病防治工作。     

环境标准:环境法律保障人体健康的制度路径

环境与人体健康有着重要而复杂的内在关联,我国的环境法律体系以保护和改善生活环境与生态环境、防治污染和其他公害为立法目的,同时保障人体健康也是环境法律的重要价值追求。并且,随着经济发展对于环境损害的加剧和科技发展对于环境侵害与健康受损联系更深刻揭示,应该完善具体的环境法律制度以保障其将人体健康作为核心价值追求,而环境标准的性质及其法律意义决定它是环境法律保障人体健康的制度路径。     

Health,Conflict, Stability and Statebuilding: A House Built on Sand?

Abstract

Increasingly, the purpose of third party health interventions in fragile states has become linked to statebuilding agendas in order to build government through health programmes. However, there is only limited data to support the efficacy of such an assumption. Indeed, this approach may instead invert the desired outcome of social legitimacy and undermine the rationale for which it is intended. This paper examines the strategic response from donors vis-à-vis the objective of statebuilding, and concludes that new research is required. It concludes that until there is empirically based evidence of the benefits of health interventions for statebuilding, the goals of health interventions should remain fixed primarily on improving health indicators instead.     

公共卫生与人权

本文是置人权于中国公共卫生场域中的阐释。起因是2004年后——2004年,人权在中国入宪——当人们试图以人权作为转型中中国公共卫生的基础理念时,却发现从旧体制（计划经济体制）走出来的中国公共卫生很难在实际上接受人权：是同样地保护每一个人,还是保护大多数人;是首先着眼于管理,还是强调国家对每一个人的健康权的积极责任,是在中国,公共卫生必须面对的问题。     

Health‐Care Data Protection and Biometric Authentication Policies: Comparative Culture and Technology Acceptance in China and in the United States

A proliferation of health information technology (HIT) policies to implement dimensions of e‐health, including electronic medical records, electronic health records, personal health records, and e‐prescribing—along with expanding initiatives on mobile health in developed countries and emerging technologies—has sparked academic inquiry into the protection of privacy and data and the technology to protect privacy and data. This article examines HIT policies in the United States and in China and the use of authentication technologies to assess biometrics as privacy's friend or foe in different political frameworks with varying conceptions of privacy. An analysis of privacy in the context of health data protection, challenging relations of trust between patients and providers, the increasing perspective of health data integrity as a cyber‐security issue, and the growing rate of medical fraud and medical identity theft may yield findings of a convergence of views of privacy and biometrics unexpected of contrasting political cultures.     

The Employment of Ex-Offenders and the UK's New Criminal Record Bureau

This article outlines the development of the UK's Criminal Records Bureau designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the screening arrangements for potential employees by disclosure of their criminal records to employers. The Bureau builds on existing arrangements that have been in place for a number of years. The authors argue that this development, which includes a much wider availability of criminal records, is an example of a new social policy that has the potential for an unintended consequence of large scale social exclusion, by limiting the prospects of employment for ex-offenders.     

天水市公务员心理健康调查分析及对策研究

本文通过对天水市公务员心理健康的问卷调查分析，探讨了公务员心理健康的现状，分析了影响公务员心理健康的主客观原因，并着眼于心理保健的视角提出了解决公务员心理健康问题的对策与建议。     

Setting Standards for Children

In September 2004, the publication of a National Service Framework (NSF) for children set standards for what children and their families, young people, and expectant mothers can expect from the National Health Service. This article describes some of what the NSF includes, and why it is important.     

论医学模式与人类健康观

世界医学发展历经三大模式：弥散医学模式，生物医学模式，社会－心理－生物医学模式；人类健康观也由个体健康到身心健康的转变。在社会－心理－生物医学模式中，中医学博大精的内涵愈被世界医学重视。     

THE PHILADELPHIA FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF POLICE PATROL EFFECTIVENESS IN VIOLENT CRIME HOTSPOTS*

Originating with the Newark, NJ, foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but they are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored the potential dynamics of deterrence within microspatial settings. In this article, we report on the efforts of more than 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. The results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship even more. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40 percent on pretreatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place‐based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, which is a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a microspatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension, and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed.