Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in patients with renal failure before and after hemodialysis

We studied the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in seven patients suffering from terminal renal failure before and after they underwent hemodialysis. Ethanol (0.40 g/kg) was administered in the morning after an overnight fast by a constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion over 45 min. After removing a mean fluid volume of 2.46±0.48 liters (±SD), span 1.76–3.43 liters by hemodialysis, the same subjects received a second IV infusion of ethanol after they had eaten lunch. At exactly timed intervals of 0, 45, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, and 180 min from the start of the infusion, two blood-samples were drawn and the plasma portion of one of them was obtained by centrifugation. The concentration of ethanol in blood and plasma was determined by headspace gas chromatography and the water-content of whole blood was determined from the change in weight after desiccation. Plasma always contained a higher concentration of ethanol than whole blood and the mean plasma/whole blood ratio in patients with renal failure was 1.07:1 (span 1.05–1.10). The rate of ethanol disappearance from blood (β-slope) was faster (0.185±0.013 versus 0.157±0.022 g/l/h), the C₀ value was higher (0.79±0.08 versus 0.73±0.10 g/l) and the apparent volume of distribution (V_d) of ethanol was lower (0.507±0.049 versus 0.558±0.078 l/kg) after hemodialysis. The water content of whole blood was significantly higher (P<0.001) before dialysis (88.6±1.97 g/100 ml) compared with after dialysis (87.4±2.01 g/100 ml). The higher V_d for ethanol and lower C₀ as well as higher blood-water content are to be expected for a over hydrated condition before hemodialysis. The swifter rate of ethanol elimination from blood (β-slope) after hemodialysis should be interpreted with caution because eating a meal before the second infusion of ethanol is a confounding factor. Nevertheless, the rate of elimination of ethanol from blood in patients with renal failure agreed reasonably well with values expected for healthy subjects, namely mean 0.15 g/l/h spanning from 0.10 to 0.20 g/l/h.     

肺气虚证模型豚鼠肺功能与血气分析的变化

目的:观测肺气虚证模型豚鼠肺功能与血气分析的变化。方法:采用卵白蛋白(OVA)复制哮喘模型并加以改良法,建立肺气虚证模型豚鼠;对正常对照组(对照组)、肺气虚证模型组(模型组)两组动物进行肺功能与血气分析的检测。结果:与对照组比较,模型组肺功能指标吸气阻力(Ri)与呼气阻力(Re)均显著增加,第0.3秒用力呼气容积(FEV0.3)及肺顺应性(Cldyn)下降,血气分析中氧分压(pO2)、氧饱和度(SaO2)及酸碱值(pH)降低,而二氧化碳分压(pCO2)则升高。结论:肺气虚证有一定的肺功能损害,并呈现低氧与高碳酸血症。     

基因研究中知情同意权的实现

国家是基因资源保护的第一责任人。国家应当建立严密的基因资源保护制度 ,引导公民建立基因资源的保护意识 ,支持公民通过知情同意权的实现与国家协力共同保护基因资源。采集血样是研究人体基因的常见方式 ,只要这种研究不是纯公益性质 ,血样就是获取商业利润的物质基础。血样提供者和采集血样者各应有相应的权利和义务。     

Immunological analysis of human placental lactogen in blood stains and its application to forensic science

Sex determination of blood stains from women who were in the late stages of pregnancy was possible by detecting human placental lactogen (HPL) in them. However, the agglutination time for positive reactions was prolonged as the stains aged.     

Fragmenting Fatherhood: The Regulation of Reproductive Technologies

Reproductive technologies offer the potential to break down parenthood into a number of constituent parts. These disruptive possibilities mean that the regulation of reproductive technologies holds important potential for study, providing a significant resource that has been little analysed with regard to fatherhood. This study attempts to remedy that lacuna through consideration of a range of recent developments in this area of English law. It reaches two general conclusions. First, while the law regulating reproductive technologies attributes great importance to fatherhood, this is rooted primarily (though not exclusively) in concerns for the symbolic importance of fathers, rather than in more practical considerations such as ensuring financial provision or a second hands-on carer for a child. Secondly, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990) contains a clear attempt to protect and entrench the role of the father as completing the nuclear family. However, recent developments suggest that this legal preference for the nuclear family is subject to clear emerging cracks.     

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) detection limits for blood on fabric: Orientation and coating uniformity effects

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to analyze four types of forensically relevant fabrics coated with varying dilutions of blood. The blood was applied in two manners, dip coating with a smooth and uniform layer and drip coating with droplets from pipettes. Spectra of neat and dip coated fabrics were acquired using controlled orientations, and these were compared to spectra collected on samples with random orientations. The improved reproducibility seen in visual inspection of the spectra is confirmed by principal component and linear discriminant projections of the spectra, as well as by statistical hypothesis testing. Principal component regression (PCR), using the regions of the IR spectra associated with the amide A/B, I, II, and III vibrational bands (3500–2800, 1650, 1540, and 1350 cm⁻¹), was employed on the more uniform dip coated spectra to estimate limits of detection for blood on two of the four fabrics – acrylic and nylon. These results demonstrate that detection limits for blood on fabrics can be decreased significantly by controlling for the orientation and face of the fabric samples while collecting spectra. Limits of detection for acrylic and nylon were found to be 196 × and 227 × diluted blood, respectively.     

Age determination of blood spots in forensic medicine by force spectroscopy

We present a new tool for the estimation of the age of bloodstains, which could probably be used during forensic casework. For this, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) for high-resolution imaging of erythrocytes in a blood sample and the detection of elasticity changes on a nanometer scale. For the analytic procedure we applied a fresh blood spot on a glass slide and started the AFM detection after drying of the blood drop. In a first step, an overview image was generated showing the presence of several red blood cells, which could easily be detected due to their typical "doughnut-like" appearance. The consecutively morphological investigations in a timeframe of 4 weeks could not show any alterations. Secondly, AFM was used to test the elasticity by recording force-distance curves. The measurements were performed immediately after drying, 1.5 h, 30 h and 31 days. The conditions were kept constant at room temperature (20 degrees C) and a humidity of 30%. The obtained elasticity parameters were plotted against a timeline and repeated several times. The elasticity pattern showed a decrease over time, which are most probably influenced by the alteration of the blood spot during the drying and coagulation process. The preliminary data demonstrates the capacity of this method to use it for development of calibration curves, which can be used for estimation of bloodstain ages during forensic investigations.     

Effect of blood stained soils and time period on DNA and allele drop out using Promega 16 Powerplex kit

Blood stained soils may be of great interest in forensic incidents. Amplification of DNA from soil is often inhibited by co-purified contaminants. Different soils types from Pakistan and Turkey were stained with blood and samples were collected systematically after specified intervals. Rapid, inexpensive, large-scale DNA extraction method involving minimal purification was developed. DNA was quantized using Spectrophotometer and Fluorometer and was confirmed by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. DNA extracted from different soils in different periods showed a remarkable decrease in yield as well as degradation in every extraction. PCR amplification was performed using various DNA targets present in Promega 16 Powerplex^® System kit. Amplification could not carry out in all loci especially in degraded samples taken after 20 days. Allele n locus drop out was noticed which shows that DNA was degraded. For some loci more than 2 alleles were also noticed showing contamination while working with the blood stained soils.     

化瘀明目合剂治疗非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的临床研究

目的 观察化瘀明目合剂对非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR）的疗效。方法 将35例（68眼）NPDR患者随机分为2组,予对照组16例（32眼）口服羟苯磺酸钙胶囊（昊畅）,予治疗组19例（36眼）口服化瘀明目合剂。2组均治疗12周。治疗后比较两组中医证候、视力和眼底病变的疗效;治疗前后分别检测两组患者空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂水平。结果 在改善NPDR患者的临床症状、眼底病变和提高视力方面,治疗组显著优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组患者治疗后血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油水平均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,高密度脂蛋白水平较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）。两组治疗前后空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1c和低密度脂蛋白水平均无显著变化。结论 化瘀明目合剂对NPDR有明显疗效。     

刺络拔罐联合熏灸治疗血虚风燥型局限性神经性皮炎疗效观察

目的 观察刺络拔罐联合熏灸疗法治疗血虚风燥型局限性神经性皮炎的临床疗效。方法 将60例患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例。治疗组采用刺络拔罐联合熏灸治疗,对照组给予卤米松乳膏外用。比较两组治疗前后临床症状、体征总积分,临床疗效,肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor α, TNF- α）、白细胞介素1β（interleukin- 1β, IL- 1β）和白细胞介素6（interleukin- 6, IL- 6）水平以及复发率。结果 两组治疗后临床症状、体征总积分及TNF- α、IL- 1β、IL- 6水平均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）。治疗组治疗前后临床症状、体征总积分和TNF- α、IL- 1β、IL- 6水平差值均大于对照组（P＜0.05）,且治疗后3、6个月,治疗组复发率均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 刺络拔罐联合熏灸治疗血虚风燥型局限性神经性皮炎疗效显著,能有效降低炎症反应,且复发率低。