情况证据在侦查与审判中的推证功能简析

情况证据亦称间接证据,是不能直接推导出案件主要事实的证据。但在侦查与审判中,情况证据推导证明案件事实的功能并不亚于直接证据,甚至比直接证据更为重要。如何让情况证据在刑事侦查和刑事审判中充分发挥其应有的功能和作用,是当下亟待关注的理论和现实问题。     

论电信诈骗犯罪侦查中的现场取证——兼论电信诈骗犯罪侦查国际警务合作现场取证的要点

电信诈骗犯罪案件侦查中,由于犯罪嫌疑人人数众多、证据形式多样化且多为电子证据,特别是在跨国(境)联合侦查中,法律制度不同,侦查方法、技能、语言不同,现场取证活动往往面临较大困难。电信诈骗犯罪案件侦查的现场取证,首先应做好充分的准备工作,包括详细查明现场情况、加强跨国(境)联合侦查中双方的协商沟通、做好现场取证的物质准备;现场取证过程中,犯罪嫌疑人很可能逃跑或毁灭证据,侦查人员应采取措施控制现场及犯罪嫌疑人,同时,为确保证据的有效性,必须规范实施取证活动。     

英美民事诉讼法中对证言可靠性的审查及其启示

根据英美法系,证言的可靠性包括证言的可信赖性与证言的可信任性,这样的分类对我国具有极大的借鉴意义,其以此分类为基础建立的唤醒记忆、品格证据提出、对陪审团的特殊指引等证言的可靠性审查制度也对我国具有一定的启示。我国目前对证言可靠性的审查存在一定的缺陷,尤其对证言的证据效果的认定上需要进行完善。借鉴英美法系对证言可靠性的审查制度,我国民事诉讼法应该明确证言可靠性对证据证明力的影响、引入品格证据、加强法官对证言可靠性的审查意识等方面予以改善。     

刑事诉讼中的网络传闻证据规则初论

随着网络技术的迅猛发展,网络证据开始大量出现,这导致刑事诉讼中的网络传闻证据规则也日益具备实际价值。网络传闻证据规则确立的现实必要性在于信息时代电子证据运用愈发普遍和电子证据很难借助传统传闻证据规则进行可采性评判。对于刑事诉讼中的网络传闻证据规则的具体建构设计,应从网络传闻证据界定和例外范畴设置两方面着手。     

9个miniSTR基因座在烧骨中的检测与分型

目的对300℃焚烧后成人股骨样本进行9个miniSTR（D20S1082、D6S474、D12ATA63、D9S1122、D2S1776、D1S1627、D3S4529、D2S441、Amelogenin）基因座的检测与分型。方法样本为8根经300℃焚烧后的成人股骨,用改良酚-氯仿法提取烧骨DNA,在Mastercylcerpro梯度PCR仪上对9个miniSTR基因座分别进行扩增,3130基因分型仪检测并收集电泳结果,GeneMarkerV2.2.0软件计算扩增产物片段相对大小以及进行样本基因型分型。结果8根烧骨样本均能够提取到DNA,浓度平均值为25ng/μL,D260/D280值在1.7~1.9之间。9个miniSTR基因座在样本中的检出率在78%~100%之间,分型图谱较清晰,个别样本出现额外带。结论本文9个miniSTR基因座分型检测的方法,可用于对烧骨捡材的DNA分型检验。     

血痕预试验检测的应用现状与研究进展

血迹是凶杀、伤害等案件中最常见和最重要的一种物证。血痕预试验是利用化学检测的方法从现场大量可疑的斑迹中初步筛选出可能是血的痕迹物证。本文对常用血痕预试验试剂的应用现状及其灵敏度、特异性、稳定性等进行分析比较,同时对预试验检测中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势进行综述,旨在为更好地研究、利用血痕预试验试剂提供参考。     

Protecting digital identity in the cloud: Regulating cross border data disclosure

Widespread use of cloud computing and other off-shore hosting and processing arrangements make regulation of cross border data one of the most significant issues for regulators around the world. Cloud computing has made data storage and access cost effective but it has changed the nature of cross border data. Now data does not have to be stored or processed in another country or transferred across a national border in the traditional sense, to be what we consider to be cross border data. Nevertheless, the notion of physical borders and transfers still pervades thinking on this subject. The European Commission (“EC”) is proposing a new global standard for data transfer to ensure a level of protection for data transferred out of the EU similar to that within the EU. This paper examines the two major international schemes regulating cross-border data, the EU approach and the US approach, and the new EC and US proposals for a global standard. These approaches which are all based on data transfer are contrasted with the new Australian approach which regulates disclosure. The relative merits of the EU, US and Australian approaches are examined in the context of digital identity, rather than just data privacy which is the usual focus, because of the growing significance of digital identity, especially to an individual's ability to be recognized and to transact. The set of information required for transactions which invariably consists of full name, date of birth, gender and a piece of what is referred to as identifying information, has specific functions which transform it from mere information. As is explained in this article, as a set, it literally enables the system to transact. For this reason, it is the most important, and most vulnerable, part of digital identity. Yet while it is deserving of most protection, its significance has been largely under-appreciated. This article considers the issues posed by cross border data regulation in the context of cloud computing, with a focus on transaction identity and the other personal information which make up an individual's digital identity. The author argues that the growing commercial and legal importance of digital identity and its inherent vulnerabilities mandate the need for its more effective protection which is provided by regulation of disclosure, not just transfer.     

The ‘pains’ of electronic monitoring: a slap on the wrist or just as bad as prison?

The purpose of this research is to examine whether inmates that have served electronic monitoring (EM) find it more punitive than offenders that have not served electronic monitoring. We asked a sample of 1194 inmates currently incarcerated in a Midwestern state to estimate exchange rates of electronic monitoring over prison by rating how many months of EM they would serve to avoid 12 months in prison. The results indicate that inmates view EM as less punitive than prison and that monitored offenders find EM more punitive than unmonitored offenders. Additionally, black inmates were more likely to have served EM than white inmates and older inmates find EM more punitive than younger inmates. Previously monitored offenders report that they will be less likely to rely on family and friends upon release from prison. These results suggest that EM is perceived as a punitive sanction by those that have experienced it. Furthermore, racial differences uncovered here may help explain why minorities view alternative sanctions as particularly punitive and may also partially explain why the experience of EM may negatively impact family relationship among those that have served EM.     

广东汉族群体24个Y-STR基因座的多态性及突变率

目的调查24个Y-STR基因座在广东汉族群体中的遗传多态性和突变现象。方法收集800对经常染色体STR检验确定父子关系的血滤纸样本,用于突变现象观察;其中父亲样本视为无关个体,用于多态性调查。采用GFS 24Y荧光标记复合扩增体系进行扩增及Y-STR分型,并对分型结果进行相关统计分析。结果 800名广东汉族男性无关个体在24个Y-STR基因座中共检出794种单倍型,其中788种为唯一单倍型,总的单倍型多样性（HD）和识别能力（DC）分别为0.999 98和0.992 5。24个基因座共检出296个等位基因,基因多样性值（GD）在0.552 1-0.960 9之间。800对父子中共19 219次等位基因传递中,观察到41对父子共42个突变事件,各基因座总突变率为2.185 310^-3（95%CI 1.575 410^-3-2.952 810^-3）。结论本研究24个Y-STR基因座在广东汉族群体具有较高的遗传多态性,在法医学个体识别、父系亲缘关系鉴定等方面具有很高的应用价值。     

GC法在物证检验中的应用

近年来,随着物证技术仪器检测方法的研究不断深入,很多新技术手段应用到案件的破获以及司法鉴定当中,为结论的准确性提供了重要保证。笔者对气相色谱法在物证检验及文件物证中的应用进行了简要的总结阐述。GC技术以其分离高效、分离速度快而准确的特性得到广泛应用。在微量物证中广泛的应用于爆炸残留物、涂料、塑料、橡胶、油类和纤维的检验,在文件形成时间上的研究中也将起到重要作用。