试论职务犯罪现场勘查

近年来,在司法实践中,职务犯罪存在着高发的态势,同时呈现出隐蔽化、智能化、复杂化等特点。这些都给职务犯罪侦查工作的开展,带来了新的难度。传统突破职务犯罪案件主要依靠讯问,采取"由供到证"的侦查模式。本文从证据的角度分析出发,利用现场勘查来寻找证据为案件的侦破打开缺口,力图通过职务犯罪的现场勘查寻找证据,实现"由证到供"侦查模式的转变,提高侦查工作的有效性。     

对当前犯罪现场勘查见证制度的反思

犯罪现场遗留有重要的作案信息,通过对犯罪现场的勘查,能够获取刑事案件诉讼所必需的证据。随着"两个规定"的实施和庭审制度的改革完善,犯罪现场勘查程序是否合法、提取物证是否具有法律效力,逐渐成为庭审关注的焦点,也对当前犯罪现场勘查见证制度提出了挑战。本文从解析当前犯罪现场勘查见证制度入手,通过对其现状和弊端的反思,提出重建犯罪现场勘查见证制度的对策,以期为侦查机关刑事执法活动提供指导和借鉴意义。     

基于证据链原理的交通事故现场勘查方法研究

为解决交通事故调查取证时尽可能科学、全面、系统收集事故证据的问题，我们应用证据链原理的基本思想，探索现场勘查的新方法——现场元素复原法。该方法按照时间的倒置顺序，应用逻辑分析法，将现场元素由现场原始状态一步一步复原到事故发生前的正常状态，从而确定空间范围，有效发现与甄别真正的交通事故现场证据。     

Following the transfer of DNA: How far can it go?

The issue of DNA transfer is becoming increasingly important in crime scene situations, as DNA analytical techniques now detect tiny amounts. Whereas primary and secondary DNA transfers have been well studied, subsequent transfer steps have received much less focus. This study aimed to measure the detectability of a DNA source after multiple transfer events. Transfer of wet blood gave a full genetic profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on both cotton and glass substrates. Dry blood gave a full profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on glass only, but to a lesser extent than wet blood. Touch DNA only produced a full profile on the primary substrate on both cotton and glass, and detectable quantities beyond the secondary transfer event on glass only. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the tertiary and subsequent transfer of DNA, which will allow for improved evaluation of the likelihood of alternative scenarios explaining why an individual's DNA was found at a crime scene.     

论入户抢劫的未完成犯罪形态

入户抢劫是一个过程,但并非任何入户抢劫行为都能顺利完成。因此,作为结果加重犯的一种入户抢劫也存在未完成犯罪形态。对入户抢劫未完成犯罪形态的认定,应注意入户抢劫"着手"的认定和入户抢劫的犯罪未得逞问题。行为人只要实施了入户行为使可以认定为入户抢劫的"着手",而入户抢劫的犯罪未得逞,应限定于行为人尚无实际非法占有、控制户内他人的财物。准确地认定入户抢劫的未完成犯罪形态,区分入户抢劫的犯罪预备与未遂、犯罩未遂与既遂,能够更充分地体现"有利于犯罪嫌疑人(被告人)"的原则,有制于刑事司法实践。     

论物证技术的理性基础及非理性克服——以公安机关现场勘查物证信息调控论为视角

物证技术科学的继续发展应当立足于对其理性因素的重新审视以及对其非理性因素的克服。物证技术理性的三大构成,即证明方式变革、基础理论的发展、基础理论在实践中的运用是物证信息调控理论提出的基础。这种理论可用以分析物证技术在现场勘查的认知模式、操作程式及评价机制中存在的非理性因素,进而为克服这些非理性因素提供实质性的解决方案。     

犯罪现场微量物证的形成、发现与采取

本文论述了犯罪现场微量物证的形成规律、现场存在规律 ,以及微量物证的发现、采取与包装方法 ,以便使侦查和刑技人员在刑事侦查中正确认识微量物证的形成规律 ,掌握微量物证的发现方法和正确的采取方法 ,充分利用微量物证揭露和证实犯罪。     

浅谈刑事犯罪现场的心理痕迹

心理痕迹是指犯罪分子在实施犯罪过程中和犯罪前后的心理活动,是一种抽象的注意对象,是现场诸物证之间关系的反映,是留在被害人、事主和知情者记忆中的心理踪迹。在现场勘查中,它既不能直接观察,也不能提取。通过对犯罪现场心理痕迹的分析研究,有助于刑事案件的侦破。     

析“电子警察”的运用与行政处罚原则的遵守——从两例交通违法处罚案件说起

交通违法处罚的目的是通过处罚的手段达到更有序的状态,作为行政处罚中的一种,应严格依照《行政处罚法》的规定执行,违法处罚应符合《行政处罚法》的基本原则。无论现场执法还是非现场执法,其处罚程序均要公正、公开,并体现处罚与教育相结合。依靠“电子警察”执法有利有弊。应区分行政处罚的手段与目的,人机结合,杜绝以罚代管。     

Artifacts Caused by Leaf-Cutting Ants of the Genus Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Postmortem Bite Injuries and the Tearing of Clothes

Ants are one of the first insects to find an exposed cadaver and can be present during all stages of decomposition. Although these organisms are not commonly used in postmortem interval estimates, they are to be taken into account on criminal investigations involving human corpses, since they can leave bite marks that can be mistaken for antemortem or perimortem injuries, which could be misleading when ascertaining the occurrence of abuse or physical altercation during a crime. A few studies report the action of ants on human cadavers and even though leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta are frequently encountered in succession studies that use animal carcasses, there are no records of these fungus-growing species on human corpses. Atta is a genus restricted to the New World, ranging from northern Argentina to southern United States and acts as one of the most conspicuous neotropical herbivores. In this study, we report three cases of violent death that illustrate the impact of ants, especially those of the genus Atta, in a forensic setting. We compare the patterns displayed by postmortem bite injuries caused by leaf-cutter ants and other common species with less robust mandibles. We also present the capability of Atta ants to create artifacts by cutting victim’s clothes in a crime scene, contributing to the knowledge of ant-mediated confounding factors in crime scene investigation.